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Histopathology Laboratory > Common terms > Flashcards

Common terms Flashcards

1
Q

The outer and toughest of the 3 membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

A

Dura Mater

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2
Q

Applied to the microtome knife, the end to which the handle is attached

A

Heel

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3
Q

Readily stained with acid dyes

A

Acidophilic

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4
Q

Capable of becoming liquid by absorbing moisture from the air

A

Deliquescent

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5
Q

Synonym for sodium thiosulfate

A

Hypo

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6
Q

The protoplasm of the cell external to the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Clearance angle

A

0-15 degrees

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8
Q

Horizontal thick and thin ridges appearing in sections

A

Chatters

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9
Q

Sum total changes in the living tissues in response to an injurious agent including the local reaction and the repair of injury

A

Inflammation

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10
Q

The preservation of fresh tissue

A

Fixation

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11
Q

Destruction of the tissues by enzymes that are produced by the tissue

A

Autolysis

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12
Q

Bevel angle?

A

27-32 degrees

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13
Q

The incomplete or defective dev’t of a tissue or organ

A

Aplasia

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14
Q

The action of sharpening a knife by grinding cutting edge either on a stone or with an abrasive cmpd

A

Honing

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15
Q

Pigment formed within the tissue by natural means (eg. Melanin)

A

Endogenous pigment

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16
Q

A solution in which the solvent is alcohol

A

Alcoholic

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17
Q

Enumerate: cardinal signs of inflam

A 
Rubor (redness)
Tumor (swelling)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Functio Laesa (diminished function)
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18
Q

Washing sections in tap water or in alkaline solution causing hematoxylin to stain blue

A

Blueing

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19
Q

The washing out of excess stain until the required color or combo of colors is obtained

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the no. of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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21
Q

Due to arteriolar and capillary dilation with an increased rate of blood flow toward the site of injury and concentration/packing of the red cells in the capillaries causing increased viscosity and slowing of the blood flow

A

Rubor (redness)

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22
Q

Angle formed bet the cutting edge of the microtome knife

A

Bevel angle (27-32o)

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23
Q

Rgt or combo of rgts used to fix tissue

A

Fixative

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24
Q

Particles or crystals deposited during processing, usually during fixation

A

Artifact

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25
Q

The removal of calcium salts from the tissue ff fixation

A

Decalcification

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26
Q

An acquired decreased in the size of normally developed or mature organ or tissue

A

Atrophy

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27
Q

Substances which do not take part in the staining reaction but cause an increase in the selectivity or in the staining power of the dye

A

Accentuators

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28
Q

Failure of an organ to reach or achieve full maturity or adult size

A

Hypoplasia

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29
Q

Readily stained with basic dyes

A

Basophilic

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30
Q

A solution which the solvent is water

A

Aqueous

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31
Q

To differentiate

A

Decolorization

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32
Q

Example of an endogenous pigment

A

Melanin

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33
Q

Angle formed bet the surface of the block and the cutting edge of the knife

A

Clearance angle(0-15)

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34
Q

Pigment within the tissue but having their origin outside the body

A

Exogenous pigment

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35
Q

Ex. Of exogenous pigment

A

Tattoos

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36
Q

Watery

A

Aqueous

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37
Q

Placing a specimen into an embedding medium and causing it to solidify

A

Embedding

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38
Q

Having 2 concave surfaces, that is two hallowed or rounded inwards

A

Biconcave

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39
Q

Complete none appearance of an organ

A

Agenesia

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40
Q

The removal of water from a tissue or section

A

Dehydration

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41
Q

Referred to as casting or blocking

A

Embedding

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42
Q

Removal of color from stained section

A

Decolorization

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43
Q

Process of polishing the cutting edge of a knife on leather or canvas done after honing

A

Stropping

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44
Q

A pivoted tongue adapter to fall into notches on a ratchet wheel;thus, permitting rotating in ONE DIRECTION only

A

Pawl

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45
Q

Redness

A

Rubor

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46
Q

The process of removing excess fixative from the tissue after fixation in order to improve staining and remove artifacts from the tissue

A

Washing-Out

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47
Q

Heat

A

Calor

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48
Q

Functio Laesa

A

Diminished function

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49
Q

Due to increased permeability allowing the extravasation of blood fluid with increased hydrostatic pressure within the dilated arterioles and capillaries causing localized edema (tumor)

A

Tumor

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50
Q

This phenomenon is found in basic aniline dye

A

Metachromatic

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51
Q

One side flat and the other side concave

A

Plano-concave Knife

52
Q

Unit of measurement for the thickness of sections, the diameter of cells and the size of bacteria

A

Micron

53
Q

Swelling

A

Tumor

54
Q

Technique of over-staining and then washing out or differentiating the excess stain

A

Regressive staining

55
Q

Rapid freezing of tissue during freeze-drying as a means of preservation

A

Quenching

56
Q

Extremely thin slices of tissue usually 4-15 microns in thickness

A

Sections

57
Q

The saturation of tissue with an embedding medium

A

Impregnation

58
Q

Embedding under negative atmospheric pressure

A

Vacuum embedding

59
Q

The darkly staining body within the cell containing hereditary characteristics of the cell and composed of nucleoprotein

A

Nucleus

60
Q

Due to the pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudates or tumor

A

Dolor

61
Q

The precise positioning of the tissue in a block, aligning the block of the microtome or placing a section on the side

A

Orientation

62
Q

Pain

A

Dolor

63
Q

The fraction of a micron in millimeters/inch

A

1/1000th of a mm / 1/25000th of an inch

64
Q

The machine on which the sections are cut

A

Microtome

65
Q

Due to the transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury

A

Calor / heat

66
Q

Staining each constituent to a precise color or density without over-staining and differentiating it

A

Progressive staining

67
Q

The deposition of salts of heavy metals on or around tissue fibers during a staining rxn

A

Impregnation

68
Q

The main constituent of all cells

A

Protoplasm

69
Q

Term used when tissues are placed in a second fixative to facilitate the demonstration of a specific substance

A

Secondary Fixation

70
Q

Due to pain interference with nerve supply and to destruction of the functioning units of the tissues

A

Functio laesa

71
Q

A homogenous translucent substance containing water with salts and sugar in true solution, protein in colloidal solution and inorganic salts

A

Protoplasm

72
Q

A thin layer of cell spread out on a microscope slide

A

Smear

73
Q

A substance which causes a staining reaction to take place by forming an insoluble lake bet the dye and the tissue

A

Mordant

74
Q

Denoted by the sumbol u (imagine na mu yan)

A

Micron

75
Q

Color or particles imparted to cells and tissues

A

Pigment

76
Q

The ratio of the velocity of light air to the velocity of light in a substance

A

Refractive index

77
Q

A reaction in which a substance is stained in a diff color to that of the stain employed

A

Metachromatic

78
Q

Extremely thin slices of tissue usually 4-15 microns in thickness

A

Sections

79
Q

Reversible change involving the transformation in one type of cell to another

A

Metaplasia

80
Q

A dye or mixture of dyes used to impart color to the substance

A

Stain

81
Q

A toothed wheel turned by means of an engaging pawl, a part of a microtome

A

Ratchet-wheel

82
Q

The treatment of tissue in 3% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate for 24 hrs following fixation and is normally used as a method of mordanting

A

Post-chromatization

83
Q

The process of coloring the cell, cellular constituents and tissue fibers to facilitate optical differentiation by microscopic examination

A

Staining

84
Q

the study of abnormal human or animal tissues

A

Histopathology

85
Q

cutting of cells from a living (specimen) person

A

Biopsy

86
Q

Types of biopsy

A

a. Surgical or Section biopsy
b. Aspiration or needle biopsy
c. Exfoliative biopsy

87
Q

a postmortem examination of dead bodies to determine the cause of death

A

Autopsy

88
Q

entails the microscopical examination and interpretation of cells that are shed spontaneously from epithelial surface or by physical means

A

Exfoliative Cytology

89
Q

an organ or part of the organ removed from within the body through an incision such as the appendix, tumors of the stomach, or kidney

A

Surgical Growth

90
Q

Enumerate: Signs of death

A 
Algor mortis
Livor mortis
Rigor mortis
Post-mortem clotting
Post-mortem decomposition (Putrefaction)
Autolysis
91
Q

is the formation of H2S and other aromatic gases that produce a very offensive odor

A

Post-mortem decomposition(Putrefaction)

92
Q

Any piece of tissue or organ removed from operation for diagnosis

A

Biopsy

93
Q

Cessation of the three vital functions of the body that includes: respiratory, circulatory and nervous

A

Death

94
Q

Cooling or lowering of the body temperature after death to equalize that of the environment. Body temperature equalized that of the surrounding medium in 16-40 hours after death

A

Algor mortis

95
Q

Consists of the aspiration of cells or particles from tumors for histological diagnosis esp. from lumps under the skin like those of breast and neck

A

Aspiration or Needle Biopsy

96
Q

Growth removed from the external surface of the body such as a mole

A

External Growth

97
Q

Post-mortem lividity is a purplish discoloration of the skin over dependent parts of the body due to congestion and dilation of the veins and capillaries into which blood is driven by contraction of the arteries as well as the diffusion of liberated hemoglobin into the surrounding tissue

A

Livor mortis

98
Q

Branch of General Pathology concerned with the detection of cancer and various pathologic conditions in man through microscopic examination of body fluids and secretions

A

Exfoliative Cytology

99
Q

Enumerate: Classification/Categories of Biopsy specimens

A 
External growth
Surgical Growth
Endoscopic Growth
Puncture 
Aspiration
100
Q

is obtaining surgical sections of tissues for histological diagnosis

A

Surgical or Section Biopsy

101
Q

bone marrow sample taken from the puncture into the sternum

A

Puncture

102
Q

Methods of Surgical or Section Biopsy

A 
Routine Paraffin (or Celloidin) Method
Rush Frozen Section Technique
103
Q

removal of the fluid or soft tissue from the body by insertion of an instrument such as the Vimsivermann’s needle and the subsequent withdrawal of the material for examination

A

Aspiration

104
Q

is the examination of fluids from exudates or transudates from serous cavities such as the pleura or peritoneum or sputum and urine or bronchial washings. By modern methods of coagulation and sedimentation of the centrifuged fluids from the coagulum can be made into paraffin blocks and resemble regular biopsy specimen

A

Exfoliative Biopsy

105
Q

Growth removed from within the body by insertion of the instrument through a natural opening such as rectal polyp

A

Endoscopic Growth

106
Q

The changes in the human body after death are caused by…?

A

By the generalized invasion of the blood and tissue by bacillus coli and other saprophytes

107
Q

12 STEPS OF HISTOPATH TECHNIQUES

A 
Numbering
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing or Dealcoholization
Wax or Paraffin Impregnation
Embedding
Blocking
Trimming
Sectioning
Staining
Mounting 
Labeling
108
Q

the clotting of blood after death

A

Post-mortem clotting

109
Q

the process that involves the impregnation of tissue with a medium that will fill the natural cavities, spaces, interstices of the tissues

A

Wax or Paraffin Impreganation

110
Q

Means self-destruction

A

Autolysis

111
Q

the process of cutting very thin slices of tissues accomplished with an especially designed instrument called the microtome

A

Sectioning

112
Q

process of indicating the year and specimen number on one end of the prepared slide for proper identification

A

Labeling

113
Q

The process whereby the alcohol in the tissues is replaced by a fluid that will dissolve the wax with which the tissue must be impregnated

A

Clearing or Dealcoholization

114
Q

the process involving the use of a variety of dyes or stains for the purpose of optically differentiating the cellular and tissue constituents and also to determine the free chemical nature of some details in the cells (histochemical staining)

A

Staining

115
Q

process of water removal from the tissue prior to replacement by wax

A

Dehydration

116
Q

Caused after death of cells by the action of intracellular enzymes whose normal behavior is altered, causing the breakdown of protein and liquefaction of cells

A

Autolysis

117
Q

the process that involves the cutting of the excess wax (in thin slices to prevent the block from cracking) from the tissue block so that the block forms a four-sided prism or truncated pyramid opposite sides being parallel (this is most important if serial sections are desired)

A

Trimming

118
Q

the process that involves the use of a medium and a coverslip to facilitate the ease of handling and storage of the slide and to prevent damage to the section

A

Mounting

119
Q

Where are the largest blood clot forms after death?

A

At the right auricle of the heart as well as in the large veins

120
Q

the stiffness of skelatal muscle appearing within six hours after death

A

Rigor mortis

121
Q

the process of indicating the number of the specimen by means of a pencil in order to properly identify the specimen

A

Numbering

122
Q

Process that involves the separation of one tissue block from another using a sharp knife (performed only when one uses a compound embedding unit)

A

Blocking

123
Q

the process that involves the use of molds for the purpose of setting the embedding medium to a sufficient consistency in order to allow the cutting of suitably thin sections without undue distortion and without alteration of the spatial relationships of the tissue and cellular elements

A

Embedding

124
Q

The first step in all histopathologic techniques

A

Numbering

125
Q

Facilitates sectioning

A

Embedding

126
Q

Process of preserving cells and tissue constituents in a condition identical to that existing during life and to do this is a way that will allow the preparation of thin stained sections

A

Fixation

Histopathology Laboratory (3 decks)

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