Common terms Flashcards
1
Q
The outer and toughest of the 3 membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
A
Dura Mater
2
Q
Applied to the microtome knife, the end to which the handle is attached
A
Heel
3
Q
Readily stained with acid dyes
A
Acidophilic
4
Q
Capable of becoming liquid by absorbing moisture from the air
A
Deliquescent
5
Q
Synonym for sodium thiosulfate
A
Hypo
6
Q
The protoplasm of the cell external to the nucleus
A
Cytoplasm
7
Q
Clearance angle
A
0-15 degrees
8
Q
Horizontal thick and thin ridges appearing in sections
A
Chatters
9
Q
Sum total changes in the living tissues in response to an injurious agent including the local reaction and the repair of injury
A
Inflammation
10
Q
The preservation of fresh tissue
A
Fixation
11
Q
Destruction of the tissues by enzymes that are produced by the tissue
A
Autolysis
12
Q
Bevel angle?
A
27-32 degrees
13
Q
The incomplete or defective dev’t of a tissue or organ
A
Aplasia
14
Q
The action of sharpening a knife by grinding cutting edge either on a stone or with an abrasive cmpd
A
Honing
15
Q
Pigment formed within the tissue by natural means (eg. Melanin)
A
Endogenous pigment
16
Q
A solution in which the solvent is alcohol
A
Alcoholic
17
Q
Enumerate: cardinal signs of inflam
A
Rubor (redness) Tumor (swelling) Calor (heat) Dolor (pain) Functio Laesa (diminished function)
18
Q
Washing sections in tap water or in alkaline solution causing hematoxylin to stain blue
A
Blueing
19
Q
The washing out of excess stain until the required color or combo of colors is obtained
A
Differentiation
20
Q
An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the no. of cells
A
Hyperplasia
21
Q
Due to arteriolar and capillary dilation with an increased rate of blood flow toward the site of injury and concentration/packing of the red cells in the capillaries causing increased viscosity and slowing of the blood flow
A
Rubor (redness)
22
Q
Angle formed bet the cutting edge of the microtome knife
A
Bevel angle (27-32o)
23
Q
Rgt or combo of rgts used to fix tissue
A
Fixative
24
Q
Particles or crystals deposited during processing, usually during fixation
A
Artifact
25
The removal of calcium salts from the tissue ff fixation
Decalcification
26
An acquired decreased in the size of normally developed or mature organ or tissue
Atrophy
27
Substances which do not take part in the staining reaction but cause an increase in the selectivity or in the staining power of the dye
Accentuators
28
Failure of an organ to reach or achieve full maturity or adult size
Hypoplasia
29
Readily stained with basic dyes
Basophilic
30
A solution which the solvent is water
Aqueous
31
To differentiate
Decolorization
32
Example of an endogenous pigment
Melanin
33
Angle formed bet the surface of the block and the cutting edge of the knife
Clearance angle(0-15)
34
Pigment within the tissue but having their origin outside the body
Exogenous pigment
35
Ex. Of exogenous pigment
Tattoos
36
Watery
Aqueous
37
Placing a specimen into an embedding medium and causing it to solidify
Embedding
38
Having 2 concave surfaces, that is two hallowed or rounded inwards
Biconcave
39
Complete none appearance of an organ
Agenesia
40
The removal of water from a tissue or section
Dehydration
41
Referred to as casting or blocking
Embedding
42
Removal of color from stained section
Decolorization
43
Process of polishing the cutting edge of a knife on leather or canvas done after honing
Stropping
44
A pivoted tongue adapter to fall into notches on a ratchet wheel;thus, permitting rotating in ONE DIRECTION only
Pawl
45
Redness
Rubor
46
The process of removing excess fixative from the tissue after fixation in order to improve staining and remove artifacts from the tissue
Washing-Out
47
Heat
Calor
48
Functio Laesa
Diminished function
49
Due to increased permeability allowing the extravasation of blood fluid with increased hydrostatic pressure within the dilated arterioles and capillaries causing localized edema (tumor)
Tumor
50
This phenomenon is found in basic aniline dye
Metachromatic
51
One side flat and the other side concave
Plano-concave Knife
52
Unit of measurement for the thickness of sections, the diameter of cells and the size of bacteria
Micron
53
Swelling
Tumor
54
Technique of over-staining and then washing out or differentiating the excess stain
Regressive staining
55
Rapid freezing of tissue during freeze-drying as a means of preservation
Quenching
56
Extremely thin slices of tissue usually 4-15 microns in thickness
Sections
57
The saturation of tissue with an embedding medium
Impregnation
58
Embedding under negative atmospheric pressure
Vacuum embedding
59
The darkly staining body within the cell containing hereditary characteristics of the cell and composed of nucleoprotein
Nucleus
60
Due to the pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudates or tumor
Dolor
61
The precise positioning of the tissue in a block, aligning the block of the microtome or placing a section on the side
Orientation
62
Pain
Dolor
63
The fraction of a micron in millimeters/inch
1/1000th of a mm / 1/25000th of an inch
64
The machine on which the sections are cut
Microtome
65
Due to the transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury
Calor / heat
66
Staining each constituent to a precise color or density without over-staining and differentiating it
Progressive staining
67
The deposition of salts of heavy metals on or around tissue fibers during a staining rxn
Impregnation
68
The main constituent of all cells
Protoplasm
69
Term used when tissues are placed in a second fixative to facilitate the demonstration of a specific substance
Secondary Fixation
70
Due to pain interference with nerve supply and to destruction of the functioning units of the tissues
Functio laesa
71
A homogenous translucent substance containing water with salts and sugar in true solution, protein in colloidal solution and inorganic salts
Protoplasm
72
A thin layer of cell spread out on a microscope slide
Smear
73
A substance which causes a staining reaction to take place by forming an insoluble lake bet the dye and the tissue
Mordant
74
Denoted by the sumbol u (imagine na mu yan)
Micron
75
Color or particles imparted to cells and tissues
Pigment
76
The ratio of the velocity of light air to the velocity of light in a substance
Refractive index
77
A reaction in which a substance is stained in a diff color to that of the stain employed
Metachromatic
78
Extremely thin slices of tissue usually 4-15 microns in thickness
Sections
79
Reversible change involving the transformation in one type of cell to another
Metaplasia
80
A dye or mixture of dyes used to impart color to the substance
Stain
81
A toothed wheel turned by means of an engaging pawl, a part of a microtome
Ratchet-wheel
82
The treatment of tissue in 3% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate for 24 hrs following fixation and is normally used as a method of mordanting
Post-chromatization
83
The process of coloring the cell, cellular constituents and tissue fibers to facilitate optical differentiation by microscopic examination
Staining
84
the study of abnormal human or animal tissues
Histopathology
85
cutting of cells from a living (specimen) person
Biopsy
86
Types of biopsy
a. Surgical or Section biopsy
b. Aspiration or needle biopsy
c. Exfoliative biopsy
87
a postmortem examination of dead bodies to determine the cause of death
Autopsy
88
entails the microscopical examination and interpretation of cells that are shed spontaneously from epithelial surface or by physical means
Exfoliative Cytology
89
an organ or part of the organ removed from within the body through an incision such as the appendix, tumors of the stomach, or kidney
Surgical Growth
90
Enumerate: Signs of death
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Algor mortis
Livor mortis
Rigor mortis
Post-mortem clotting
Post-mortem decomposition (Putrefaction)
Autolysis
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91
is the formation of H2S and other aromatic gases that produce a very offensive odor
Post-mortem decomposition(Putrefaction)
92
Any piece of tissue or organ removed from operation for diagnosis
Biopsy
93
Cessation of the three vital functions of the body that includes: respiratory, circulatory and nervous
Death
94
Cooling or lowering of the body temperature after death to equalize that of the environment. Body temperature equalized that of the surrounding medium in 16-40 hours after death
Algor mortis
95
Consists of the aspiration of cells or particles from tumors for histological diagnosis esp. from lumps under the skin like those of breast and neck
Aspiration or Needle Biopsy
96
Growth removed from the external surface of the body such as a mole
External Growth
97
Post-mortem lividity is a purplish discoloration of the skin over dependent parts of the body due to congestion and dilation of the veins and capillaries into which blood is driven by contraction of the arteries as well as the diffusion of liberated hemoglobin into the surrounding tissue
Livor mortis
98
Branch of General Pathology concerned with the detection of cancer and various pathologic conditions in man through microscopic examination of body fluids and secretions
Exfoliative Cytology
99
Enumerate: Classification/Categories of Biopsy specimens
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External growth
Surgical Growth
Endoscopic Growth
Puncture
Aspiration
```
100
is obtaining surgical sections of tissues for histological diagnosis
Surgical or Section Biopsy
101
bone marrow sample taken from the puncture into the sternum
Puncture
102
Methods of Surgical or Section Biopsy
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Routine Paraffin (or Celloidin) Method
Rush Frozen Section Technique
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103
removal of the fluid or soft tissue from the body by insertion of an instrument such as the Vimsivermann's needle and the subsequent withdrawal of the material for examination
Aspiration
104
is the examination of fluids from exudates or transudates from serous cavities such as the pleura or peritoneum or sputum and urine or bronchial washings. By modern methods of coagulation and sedimentation of the centrifuged fluids from the coagulum can be made into paraffin blocks and resemble regular biopsy specimen
Exfoliative Biopsy
105
Growth removed from within the body by insertion of the instrument through a natural opening such as rectal polyp
Endoscopic Growth
106
The changes in the human body after death are caused by...?
By the generalized invasion of the blood and tissue by bacillus coli and other saprophytes
107
12 STEPS OF HISTOPATH TECHNIQUES
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Numbering
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing or Dealcoholization
Wax or Paraffin Impregnation
Embedding
Blocking
Trimming
Sectioning
Staining
Mounting
Labeling
```
108
the clotting of blood after death
Post-mortem clotting
109
the process that involves the impregnation of tissue with a medium that will fill the natural cavities, spaces, interstices of the tissues
Wax or Paraffin Impreganation
110
Means self-destruction
Autolysis
111
the process of cutting very thin slices of tissues accomplished with an especially designed instrument called the microtome
Sectioning
112
process of indicating the year and specimen number on one end of the prepared slide for proper identification
Labeling
113
The process whereby the alcohol in the tissues is replaced by a fluid that will dissolve the wax with which the tissue must be impregnated
Clearing or Dealcoholization
114
the process involving the use of a variety of dyes or stains for the purpose of optically differentiating the cellular and tissue constituents and also to determine the free chemical nature of some details in the cells (histochemical staining)
Staining
115
process of water removal from the tissue prior to replacement by wax
Dehydration
116
Caused after death of cells by the action of intracellular enzymes whose normal behavior is altered, causing the breakdown of protein and liquefaction of cells
Autolysis
117
the process that involves the cutting of the excess wax (in thin slices to prevent the block from cracking) from the tissue block so that the block forms a four-sided prism or truncated pyramid opposite sides being parallel (this is most important if serial sections are desired)
Trimming
118
the process that involves the use of a medium and a coverslip to facilitate the ease of handling and storage of the slide and to prevent damage to the section
Mounting
119
Where are the largest blood clot forms after death?
At the right auricle of the heart as well as in the large veins
120
the stiffness of skelatal muscle appearing within six hours after death
Rigor mortis
121
the process of indicating the number of the specimen by means of a pencil in order to properly identify the specimen
Numbering
122
Process that involves the separation of one tissue block from another using a sharp knife (performed only when one uses a compound embedding unit)
Blocking
123
the process that involves the use of molds for the purpose of setting the embedding medium to a sufficient consistency in order to allow the cutting of suitably thin sections without undue distortion and without alteration of the spatial relationships of the tissue and cellular elements
Embedding
124
The first step in all histopathologic techniques
Numbering
125
Facilitates sectioning
Embedding
126
Process of preserving cells and tissue constituents in a condition identical to that existing during life and to do this is a way that will allow the preparation of thin stained sections
Fixation
