Common terms Flashcards
The outer and toughest of the 3 membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater
Applied to the microtome knife, the end to which the handle is attached
Heel
Readily stained with acid dyes
Acidophilic
Capable of becoming liquid by absorbing moisture from the air
Deliquescent
Synonym for sodium thiosulfate
Hypo
The protoplasm of the cell external to the nucleus
Cytoplasm
Clearance angle
0-15 degrees
Horizontal thick and thin ridges appearing in sections
Chatters
Sum total changes in the living tissues in response to an injurious agent including the local reaction and the repair of injury
Inflammation
The preservation of fresh tissue
Fixation
Destruction of the tissues by enzymes that are produced by the tissue
Autolysis
Bevel angle?
27-32 degrees
The incomplete or defective dev’t of a tissue or organ
Aplasia
The action of sharpening a knife by grinding cutting edge either on a stone or with an abrasive cmpd
Honing
Pigment formed within the tissue by natural means (eg. Melanin)
Endogenous pigment
A solution in which the solvent is alcohol
Alcoholic
Enumerate: cardinal signs of inflam
Rubor (redness) Tumor (swelling) Calor (heat) Dolor (pain) Functio Laesa (diminished function)
Washing sections in tap water or in alkaline solution causing hematoxylin to stain blue
Blueing
The washing out of excess stain until the required color or combo of colors is obtained
Differentiation
An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the no. of cells
Hyperplasia
Due to arteriolar and capillary dilation with an increased rate of blood flow toward the site of injury and concentration/packing of the red cells in the capillaries causing increased viscosity and slowing of the blood flow
Rubor (redness)
Angle formed bet the cutting edge of the microtome knife
Bevel angle (27-32o)
Rgt or combo of rgts used to fix tissue
Fixative
Particles or crystals deposited during processing, usually during fixation
Artifact
The removal of calcium salts from the tissue ff fixation
Decalcification
An acquired decreased in the size of normally developed or mature organ or tissue
Atrophy
Substances which do not take part in the staining reaction but cause an increase in the selectivity or in the staining power of the dye
Accentuators
Failure of an organ to reach or achieve full maturity or adult size
Hypoplasia
Readily stained with basic dyes
Basophilic
A solution which the solvent is water
Aqueous
To differentiate
Decolorization
Example of an endogenous pigment
Melanin
Angle formed bet the surface of the block and the cutting edge of the knife
Clearance angle(0-15)
Pigment within the tissue but having their origin outside the body
Exogenous pigment
Ex. Of exogenous pigment
Tattoos
Watery
Aqueous
Placing a specimen into an embedding medium and causing it to solidify
Embedding
Having 2 concave surfaces, that is two hallowed or rounded inwards
Biconcave
Complete none appearance of an organ
Agenesia
The removal of water from a tissue or section
Dehydration
Referred to as casting or blocking
Embedding
Removal of color from stained section
Decolorization
Process of polishing the cutting edge of a knife on leather or canvas done after honing
Stropping
A pivoted tongue adapter to fall into notches on a ratchet wheel;thus, permitting rotating in ONE DIRECTION only
Pawl
Redness
Rubor
The process of removing excess fixative from the tissue after fixation in order to improve staining and remove artifacts from the tissue
Washing-Out
Heat
Calor
Functio Laesa
Diminished function
Due to increased permeability allowing the extravasation of blood fluid with increased hydrostatic pressure within the dilated arterioles and capillaries causing localized edema (tumor)
Tumor
This phenomenon is found in basic aniline dye
Metachromatic
One side flat and the other side concave
Plano-concave Knife
Unit of measurement for the thickness of sections, the diameter of cells and the size of bacteria
Micron
Swelling
Tumor
Technique of over-staining and then washing out or differentiating the excess stain
Regressive staining
Rapid freezing of tissue during freeze-drying as a means of preservation
Quenching
Extremely thin slices of tissue usually 4-15 microns in thickness
Sections
The saturation of tissue with an embedding medium
Impregnation
Embedding under negative atmospheric pressure
Vacuum embedding
The darkly staining body within the cell containing hereditary characteristics of the cell and composed of nucleoprotein
Nucleus
Due to the pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudates or tumor
Dolor
The precise positioning of the tissue in a block, aligning the block of the microtome or placing a section on the side
Orientation
Pain
Dolor
The fraction of a micron in millimeters/inch
1/1000th of a mm / 1/25000th of an inch
The machine on which the sections are cut
Microtome
Due to the transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury
Calor / heat
Staining each constituent to a precise color or density without over-staining and differentiating it
Progressive staining
The deposition of salts of heavy metals on or around tissue fibers during a staining rxn
Impregnation
The main constituent of all cells
Protoplasm
Term used when tissues are placed in a second fixative to facilitate the demonstration of a specific substance
Secondary Fixation
Due to pain interference with nerve supply and to destruction of the functioning units of the tissues
Functio laesa
A homogenous translucent substance containing water with salts and sugar in true solution, protein in colloidal solution and inorganic salts
Protoplasm
A thin layer of cell spread out on a microscope slide
Smear
A substance which causes a staining reaction to take place by forming an insoluble lake bet the dye and the tissue
Mordant
Denoted by the sumbol u (imagine na mu yan)
Micron
Color or particles imparted to cells and tissues
Pigment
The ratio of the velocity of light air to the velocity of light in a substance
Refractive index
A reaction in which a substance is stained in a diff color to that of the stain employed
Metachromatic
Extremely thin slices of tissue usually 4-15 microns in thickness
Sections
Reversible change involving the transformation in one type of cell to another
Metaplasia
A dye or mixture of dyes used to impart color to the substance
Stain
A toothed wheel turned by means of an engaging pawl, a part of a microtome
Ratchet-wheel
The treatment of tissue in 3% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate for 24 hrs following fixation and is normally used as a method of mordanting
Post-chromatization
The process of coloring the cell, cellular constituents and tissue fibers to facilitate optical differentiation by microscopic examination
Staining
the study of abnormal human or animal tissues
Histopathology
cutting of cells from a living (specimen) person
Biopsy
Types of biopsy
a. Surgical or Section biopsy
b. Aspiration or needle biopsy
c. Exfoliative biopsy
a postmortem examination of dead bodies to determine the cause of death
Autopsy
entails the microscopical examination and interpretation of cells that are shed spontaneously from epithelial surface or by physical means
Exfoliative Cytology
an organ or part of the organ removed from within the body through an incision such as the appendix, tumors of the stomach, or kidney
Surgical Growth
Enumerate: Signs of death
Algor mortis Livor mortis Rigor mortis Post-mortem clotting Post-mortem decomposition (Putrefaction) Autolysis
is the formation of H2S and other aromatic gases that produce a very offensive odor
Post-mortem decomposition(Putrefaction)
Any piece of tissue or organ removed from operation for diagnosis
Biopsy
Cessation of the three vital functions of the body that includes: respiratory, circulatory and nervous
Death
Cooling or lowering of the body temperature after death to equalize that of the environment. Body temperature equalized that of the surrounding medium in 16-40 hours after death
Algor mortis
Consists of the aspiration of cells or particles from tumors for histological diagnosis esp. from lumps under the skin like those of breast and neck
Aspiration or Needle Biopsy
Growth removed from the external surface of the body such as a mole
External Growth
Post-mortem lividity is a purplish discoloration of the skin over dependent parts of the body due to congestion and dilation of the veins and capillaries into which blood is driven by contraction of the arteries as well as the diffusion of liberated hemoglobin into the surrounding tissue
Livor mortis
Branch of General Pathology concerned with the detection of cancer and various pathologic conditions in man through microscopic examination of body fluids and secretions
Exfoliative Cytology
Enumerate: Classification/Categories of Biopsy specimens
External growth Surgical Growth Endoscopic Growth Puncture Aspiration
is obtaining surgical sections of tissues for histological diagnosis
Surgical or Section Biopsy
bone marrow sample taken from the puncture into the sternum
Puncture
Methods of Surgical or Section Biopsy
Routine Paraffin (or Celloidin) Method Rush Frozen Section Technique
removal of the fluid or soft tissue from the body by insertion of an instrument such as the Vimsivermann’s needle and the subsequent withdrawal of the material for examination
Aspiration
is the examination of fluids from exudates or transudates from serous cavities such as the pleura or peritoneum or sputum and urine or bronchial washings. By modern methods of coagulation and sedimentation of the centrifuged fluids from the coagulum can be made into paraffin blocks and resemble regular biopsy specimen
Exfoliative Biopsy
Growth removed from within the body by insertion of the instrument through a natural opening such as rectal polyp
Endoscopic Growth
The changes in the human body after death are caused by…?
By the generalized invasion of the blood and tissue by bacillus coli and other saprophytes
12 STEPS OF HISTOPATH TECHNIQUES
Numbering Fixation Dehydration Clearing or Dealcoholization Wax or Paraffin Impregnation Embedding Blocking Trimming Sectioning Staining Mounting Labeling
the clotting of blood after death
Post-mortem clotting
the process that involves the impregnation of tissue with a medium that will fill the natural cavities, spaces, interstices of the tissues
Wax or Paraffin Impreganation
Means self-destruction
Autolysis
the process of cutting very thin slices of tissues accomplished with an especially designed instrument called the microtome
Sectioning
process of indicating the year and specimen number on one end of the prepared slide for proper identification
Labeling
The process whereby the alcohol in the tissues is replaced by a fluid that will dissolve the wax with which the tissue must be impregnated
Clearing or Dealcoholization
the process involving the use of a variety of dyes or stains for the purpose of optically differentiating the cellular and tissue constituents and also to determine the free chemical nature of some details in the cells (histochemical staining)
Staining
process of water removal from the tissue prior to replacement by wax
Dehydration
Caused after death of cells by the action of intracellular enzymes whose normal behavior is altered, causing the breakdown of protein and liquefaction of cells
Autolysis
the process that involves the cutting of the excess wax (in thin slices to prevent the block from cracking) from the tissue block so that the block forms a four-sided prism or truncated pyramid opposite sides being parallel (this is most important if serial sections are desired)
Trimming
the process that involves the use of a medium and a coverslip to facilitate the ease of handling and storage of the slide and to prevent damage to the section
Mounting
Where are the largest blood clot forms after death?
At the right auricle of the heart as well as in the large veins
the stiffness of skelatal muscle appearing within six hours after death
Rigor mortis
the process of indicating the number of the specimen by means of a pencil in order to properly identify the specimen
Numbering
Process that involves the separation of one tissue block from another using a sharp knife (performed only when one uses a compound embedding unit)
Blocking
the process that involves the use of molds for the purpose of setting the embedding medium to a sufficient consistency in order to allow the cutting of suitably thin sections without undue distortion and without alteration of the spatial relationships of the tissue and cellular elements
Embedding
The first step in all histopathologic techniques
Numbering
Facilitates sectioning
Embedding
Process of preserving cells and tissue constituents in a condition identical to that existing during life and to do this is a way that will allow the preparation of thin stained sections
Fixation
