Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PT672 > Common Pulmonary Disorders > Flashcards

Common Pulmonary Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Atelectasis and how does it present?

A

Caused by:
Blockage of airway
Compression

Presentation:
Diminished breath sounds, crackles
Opacity on chest film
Fever?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to maximize ventilation for Atelectasis?

A

Positioning, deep breathing, mobilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Pneumonia and how does it present?

A

PNA or lung infection is when there is fluid accumulating in the alveoli

Presentation:
Cough, pleuritic pan, rapid shallow breathing, fever, malaise, tachycardia

Diminished breath sounds, crackles
Plus transmitted vocalizations
Opacity on chest film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Pulmonary Edema caused by and how does it present?

A

Caused by:
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Increased vascular permeability

Dyspnea, tachypnea, shallow breathing, dry/frothy cough
Crackles on auscultation
Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you improve gas exchange with someone how has pneumonia?

A

Positioning, breathing, mobilization
Minimize effects of inactivity
Airway clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can help Pulmonary Edema?

A

Diuretics
Oxygen
Combat inactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three types of Pulmonary Embolisms (PE)?

A

Small (60–80%)
Often unrecognized

Medium
Pleuritic pain, dyspnea, slight fever, tachycardia

Massive (five percent)
Chest pain, pallor, hypotension, tachycardia
Sudden hemodynamic collapse, shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the management of PE?

A

Management depends on severity:
Respiratory support
Hemodynamic support
Anticoagulation

Recognize and refer to medical team

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is A cute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

A

Rapid onset of life-threatening respiratory insufficiency, cyanosis, severe hypoxemia

Severe hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, loss of surfactant, decrease lung compliance, alveolar collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the medical management of ARDS?

A

Respiratory, cardiovascular support
Corticosteroids, antibiotics if indicated

Combat immobility
Improve gas exchange with prone positioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three ways and airway can be blocked?

A

Secretions

Thickened airway (Inflammation, hypertrophy)

Loss of radial traction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do Obstructions impact airway resistance?

A

Obstruction increases resistance to airflow
- Requires greater pressure gradient
- Increased work of breathing

Affects expiration more than inspiration
(That’s why FEV1 is more decreased than FVC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does obstruction create hyperinflation?

A

Alveolar wall destruction along enlarged alveolar air space due to damage to elastic fibers creates more residual volume and a flattened diaphragm — increased work of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What three factors cause COPD?

A

Emphysema - Alveolar wall destruction, Hyperinflation

Chronic Bronchitis - Productive cough, Airway inflammation

Asthma - Bronchial hyper-responsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does COPD present?

A

Shortness of breath, chronic cough, poor exercise tolerance

Periodic exacerbations due to infection

Extra-pulmonary effects
- Weight loss (cachexia)
- Skeletal muscle dysfunction
- Increased risk of heart disease, respiratory infection, depression, diabetes, lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

COPD Risk Factors?

A

Non-modifiable:
Genetic: alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Increasing age
Male sex
History of infections

Modifiable
Tobacco smoke
Pack years: number of packs/day * years smoked Exposure to occupational dusts/particles, air pollution

17
Q

What are the two types of COPD presentations?

A

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

18
Q

How does Emphysema presentation present?

A

Progressive shortness of breath
Weight loss
Chest hyperinflation
Decreased breath sounds
Moderate hypoxemia
Hyperventilation with prolonged exhalation

“Pink puffers”

19
Q

How does Chronic Bronchitis Presentation present?

A

Persistent cough with excessive sputum production
Recurrent infections
Fluid retention (crackles)
Severe hypoxemia

“Blue bloater”

20
Q

PT goals for COPD

A

Breathing and positioning to manage dyspnea
Exercise training to maintain/improve functional capacity
Energy conservation
Airway clearance if indicated

21
Q

What is Asthma and how does it present?

A

Airway hypersensitivity
Episodes of bronchoconstriction and inflammation
Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough

22
Q

How is asthma diagnosed?

A

Flow volume loops before and after vasodilators
If % can improve then it is consider asthma (“reversible”)

23
Q

What are the types of asthmas and what are they triggered by?

A

Atopic results from hypersensitivity response to specific allergen
Non-atopic results from chronic exposure to airway irritants
Acute severe/status asthmaticus is prolonged, refractory

Treated with short- and long-acting
bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents

24
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and how does it present?

A

Excessive, tenacious secretions
- Mucus plugging that blocks respiratory passages, chronic infections

Productive cough, decreased activity tolerance, chronic hypoxemia

25
Q

Management of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Medications
- Antibiotics, anti-inflammatories
- Mucolytics (Pulmozyme)
- Protein-targeting medications (Trikafta)

PT focus
- Airway clearance
- Exercise to improve, strength, endurance
- Posture correction to maximize ventilation

26
Q

What is Bronchiectasis and how does it present?

A

Permanent dilation resulting from chronic infection (excess mucus in airways)
Persistent cough, sputum, dyspnea, hemoptysis

27
Q

What are the restrictive categories for lung expansion?

A

Decreases of pleura (ex. Scoliosis)
Neuromuscular disorders
Disease of the Parenchyma

28
Q

How does diopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis present and how can you manage it?

A

Gradual onset, nonproductive cough
Progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, cor pulmonale (heart failure)

Poor prognosis—3–5 year survival

Management:
Anti-fibrotic drugs (nintedanib, pirfenidone)
Maximizing ventilation, general conditioning

29
Q

What is Pulmonary Hypertension and how does it present?

A

Elevated pulmonary artery pressure due to:
- Left ventricular failure
- Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

Causes dyspnea, fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance and Cor pulmonale (right heart failure due to primary pulmonary disorder)

30
Q

What is Respiratory Failure and how does it present?

A

Failure to maintain adequate gas exchange (hypercapnia, hypoxemia)

Acute—dyspnea, cyanosis, arrhythmia, light-headedness, loss of consciousness
Chronic—poor arterial blood gasses, cyanosis, fatigue

Breathing and positioning to maximize ventilation

PT672 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions