common postnatal problems Flashcards
What is plethora
Red appearance of baby
What to do when an newborn has central cyanosis
O2 sats
What is the cause of jaundice in the first 24 hours of life
- Haemolytic
- Sepsis
What are the causes of jaundice from the 2nd day of life to the 2nd or 3rd week
- Physiological jaundice
- Dehydration
- Breast milk
- Sepsis
- Polycythaemia
- Haemolytic
- Crigler Njjar syndrome
What are the causes of prolonged jaundice in an infant - after 2 weeks
- Breast milk
- Sepsis
- Haemolytic
- Hypothyroidism
- Cholestasis such as billiary atresia
What is the treatment of jaundice
- Treat underlying cause
- Hydrate
- Phototherapy
- Exchange transfusion
- Immunoglobulin
What is erythema toxicum and what is the treatment
- Maculopapular rash
- red base with white papules
- Not itchy or painful
- Transient and usually fades by end of 1st week
- No treatment required
What is the presentation of mongolian blue spots
- Blue grey pigmentations
- Usually coloured babies
- Usually the lower back and buttocks affected
- Becomes less obvious as the skin darkens
What is the presentation of (naevus simplex)
- Light colour capillary dilatation
- Affects the back of neck and midline of face usually above the eyebrows
- Usually fade without treatment
What is the presentation of port wine stain (Naevus flammeus)
- Present at birth
- Flat or slightly raised
- deeper colour
- usually unilateral
- Present for life
What is the presentation of strawberry naevus
- Cluster of dilated capillaries which appears within the first month
- Raised and bright red with discrete edges
- They usually regress after one year
What is the management to prevent the baby developing hypothermia
- Dry quickly
- Remove wet linens
- Use warm blankets
- Provide radiant warmer heater
- Use heated oxygen
What blood glucose is in the level of hypoglycaemia
Blood sugar <2mmol/L
What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia
- Jitteriness
- Temperature instability
- Lethargy
- Hypotonia
- Apnoea
- Poor feeding
- Vomiting
- High pitched or weak cry
- Seizures
- Asymptomatic
What is tongue tied
- When the newborn has a short frenulum which may be thickened
When is treatment required for tongue tied baby and what procedure is done
If there is significant feeding issues or if the tongue protrusion is restricted beyong the alveolar margins
Frenotomy is the surgery done
What is meconium
the first stool that the baby passes - tar like
What are the signs of increases respiratory effort in a newborn
- Grunting
- Retractions
- Nasal flaring
What do absent or weak femoral pulses indicate
Coarctation of the aorta
What eye test is done in the newborn screen
Red reflex is checked
When should a spinal dimple be investigated with spinal imaging
- If it is large
- Off midline
- High or with other cutaneous marker
What is a cephalohaematoma
- Localised swelling over one or both sides of the head due to a haemorrhage beneath the pericranium
What is the management of cephalohaematoma
- No management is required and it should resolve in 3-4 weeks
What is talipes varus also known as
Club foot
What is talipes
Deviation of the foot either varus (medial) or valgus (lateral)
What is the management of talipes
- physiotherapy
- Fixed talipes with strapping, casting or surgery
What is the main hip abnormality screened in newborn
DDH - developmental dysplasia of the hip
What tests are done for DDH
- Barlow test
- Ortolani test
What is the management of DDH in a newborn
- Pavlick harness
- Surgical reduction
What is the appearance of trisomy 21 child
- Low set ears, upward slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, single palmar crease and a wide sandal gap
What complications are associated with trisomy 21
- Hypotonia
- Ventricular septal defect
- Learning issues
- Haematological problems
- Thyroid problems
What is trisomy 21
Downsyndrome
