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Cardiovasuclar Respiratory Physiotherapy > Common Obstructive Respiratory Conditions > Flashcards

Common Obstructive Respiratory Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

describe the internal structure of the trachea

A
  • anteriorly has c-shaped cartilagenous rings
  • posteriorly has smooth muscle
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells (cilia)
  • goblet cells
  • mucous glands
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2
Q

describe the internal structure of bronchi

A
  • cartilage rings and smooth muscle
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
  • gobet cells
  • mucous glands
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3
Q

describe the internal structure of bronchioles

A
  • no cartilage
  • well defined smooth muscle
  • cuboidal epithelial cells
  • no goblet or mucous glands
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4
Q

which cell structures make up an airway

A
  • ciliated cells
  • goblet cells
  • mucous glands
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5
Q

what is the function of cell structures that amke up an airway

A
  • production of mucus
  • movement of mucus
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6
Q

why is effective mucociliary transport important

A
  • ensures no blockages of sputum so gas exchnage can occur
  • and helps prevent infection
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7
Q

what can impair effective mucociliary transport

A
  • smoking
  • air pollution
  • anaesthesia
  • pathologies/ disease/ infections
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8
Q

what problems can things like smoking, anaesthesia, air pollution and infections cause

A
  • blockages in airways
  • stagnent secretions
  • can in turn cause infections
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9
Q

how is an obstructive CVR conditon characterised

A

a limitation of airflow due to a partial or complete obstruction

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10
Q

what are the charactersitics of an obstructive CVR condition

A
  • initially total lung capacity is normal
  • normal FVC
  • reduced expiratory flow rate
  • FEV1/ FVC <0.80
  • inflammation and/ or thickening in/ of airway walls
  • decrease of tissue mass
  • loss of lung parenchyma (a.k.a. alveoli)
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11
Q

what are common causes of an obstructive CVR condition

A
  • COPD
  • brochiectasis
  • cystic fibrosis
  • asthma
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12
Q

what are common sites for infection

A
  • sinuses (sinusitis)
  • tonsils (tonsilitis)
  • pharynx (pharyngitis - sore throat)
  • larynx (laryngitis)
  • trachea (tracheitis)
  • pleura (pleurisy - inflammation of pleura often vaused by infection)
  • bronchioles (brochiolitis)
  • bronchi (brochitis)
  • alveoli & surrounding lung (pneumonia)
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13
Q

what are the two types of chest infections

A
  • upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
  • lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)
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14
Q

how are URTIs often caused

A

infection of sinuses, airways or throat

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15
Q

how are LRTIs often caused

A

acute bronchitis or pneumonia

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16
Q

how can chest infections spread

A

direct and indirect contact via droplets

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17
Q

what are symptoms of a chest infection

A
  • increased productivity of cough
  • dyspnoea
  • coryzal symptoms
18
Q

what are coryzal symptoms

A
  • nasal stuffiness
  • runny nose
  • sneezing
  • sore throat
  • cough
19
Q

what is dyspnoea

A

sensation of running out of the air and of not being able to breathe fast enough or deeply enough

20
Q

describe pneumonia
(obstructive)

A

is the inflammation of lung tissue usually due to infection with bacteria

21
Q

what are the 2 types of pneumonia

A
  1. lobar pneumonia: specific area of consolidation
  2. bronchial pneumonia: inflames alveoli
22
Q

what is consolidation

A

infected tissue whihc is stuck together

23
Q

describe how the severity of pneumonia is determined

A

using CURB-65 score
- 0 = low severity, likely for home treatment.
- 1-2 = moderate severity, consider hodpital referral
- 3-4 = high severity, rgent hospital admission

24
Q

describe bronchitis
(obstructive)

A

inflammation and infection of the bronchi

25
Q

what is bronchitis most often caused by

A

smoking

26
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchitis

A
  • increased sputum production (usually discoloured)
  • wheeze
  • similar to URTIs
27
Q

define emphysema
(obstructive)

A

damage to the alveoli causing them to lose thier elasticity.

28
Q

what does emphysema result in

A

alveoli…
- collapse
- destruction
- narrowing
- overinflation
- stretching

29
Q

What is bronchiectasis defined by
(obstructive)

A

Permanent and abnormal widening of the bronchi

30
Q

Why does bronchiectasis occur

A

Due to chronic airway infection and inflammation

31
Q

How is bronchiectasis characterised.

A

Mild to moderate airflow obstruction that tends to worsen over time

32
Q

What are some symptoms of bronchiectasis

A
  • Intermittent episodes of expectoration
  • infection localised to the region of lung that is affected
  • persistant expectoration of large volumes of purulent sputum (causing blockages)
33
Q

what is prulent sputum

A

off-white, yellow or green, and opaque.
- usually indicates the presence of large numbers of white blood cells,

34
Q

what is asthma caused by
(obstructive)

A

inflammation of the airway due to smooth muscle contracting, causing the lumen to narrow

35
Q

what causes the inflammation of airways for asthma

A
  • smooth muscle contracts and causes lumen to narrow
36
Q

how can asthma occur

A

randomly or in response to a trigger

37
Q

what are some asthma triggers

A
  • allergies (dust mites, animal fur, pollen)
  • smoke
  • pollution
  • cold air
  • exercise
  • infections like colds or flu
38
Q

what are the main symptoms of asthma

A
  • wheeze
  • breathlessness
  • chets ightness
  • coughing
39
Q

how do people get cystic fibrosis
(obstructive)

A

the recessive gene has to be inhertied form both parents

40
Q

what gene causes cystic fibrosis

A

a faulty gene (CFTCR) which impairs the movement of salt and water betwene cells in the body which results in sticky mucus build up in the lungs and digesitve system

Cardiovasuclar Respiratory Physiotherapy (5 decks)

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