Common Neonatal Problems Flashcards
common neonatal problems
- NI
- umbilical infxn
- diarrhea
- respiratory infxn
- joint ill
- congenital defect
- weak foal syndrome
- colic
- neonatal maladjustment syndrome
blood disorder that occurs when the foal’s immune system attacks its own RBCs
neonatal isoerythrolysis
condition that affects joints of young foals causing pain, swelling, and stiffness
joint ill
foals may be born weak, which can be due to various causes, including poor nutrition, disease, or genetics
weak foal syndrome
common digestive problem in horses of all ages, including foals, that can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms
colic
condition where the foal has neurological problems at birth which prevents it from suckling properly
neonatal maladjustment syndrome/dummy foal
ABCD
Airway
Breathing
Cardiac function
Drugs
w/c is more preferred:
room air or 100% O2
room air coz 100% O2 leads to metabolic problems
used to stimulate breathing
Ambu bag
if Ambu bag does not work proceed to
mouth-to-nose resuscitation
drugs that increase inotropic effect, thus, increasing cardiac contractility
E, dopamine
respiratory stimulant
caffeine
primary stimulant for initiation of parturition
cortisol
hx producing abnormal foals:
- __________: high probability of next foal to have one
- __________: antibodies from mare that attach foal cells
- neonatal septicemia
- NI
what will happen if twins
1 will be normal, other one will be runt
both fetus may be lost
at least 1 will be lost
normal vulval conformation
vertical
vulval conformation of mare w/ pneumovagina
upper part of vagina is tilted
an operation to close the vagina and rectum of a mare w/ pneumovagina
half twitch operation
APGAR
Appearance (skin color)
Pulse (HR)
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Attitude (tone)
Respiration
resuscitation drugs used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of foals
E
lidocaine
bretylium
atropine
CaCl
NaHCO3
MgS4
<320 days
premature foals (normal: 345 d [310-370d])
born on normal range but not fully developed due to nutritional problems and infxns
dysmature
causes of early delivery
- infected placenta
- foal: congenital defect
- stress: colic sx
- fescue poisoning: dysmature
- etiologic agent of fescue poisoning
- fungus infecting the grass that causes abortion
Acremonium coenophialum
placenta should not be more than ___% of the weight foal or else it will cause ____________
- 20%
- inflammatory rxn or infxn
doing well in the 1st 12 hr then followed by progressive weakness due to lack of O2
respiratoty failure
colostrum should be consumed:
w/in 30 min after birth
max: 12-24 hr
pinocytosis of Abs
fetal enterocytes
foal appear healthy when it is born but shortly after exhibits neurologic abnormalities due to respiratory problem
NMS or dummy foal
IV fluids should be
isotonic to prevent metabolic problems
antibiotics for NMS/dummy foal
penicillin
neomycin
nephrotoxic antibiotic
neomycin -> monitor kidney fxn
other terms for dummy foal syndrome
NMS
HIE (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy)
neonatal encephalopathy
wanderers
barkers
secreted by foal’s brain
allopregnalone
physical pressure lasting for 20-40 min during birthing process that stops sedative neurosteroid pdtn and probable cause of autism in humans
wake-up switch
anti-inflam drug used for NMS
banamine
- indicated for small animals for inflam conditions such as joint swelling
- prevents free radicals
- prevents further brain damage
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)
drugs to control convulsions
phenobarbitone
primidone
phenytoin
diazepam
dexa
mannitol
preferred bedding for foals
straw
__________ pressure ventilation in cases of right-to-left shunting of blood due to atelectatic areas of the lungs or PDA
positive
uses a simple rope harness in foal’s abdomen and mimic pressure normally experience in the birth canal; via a knot that you can tighten
Madigan foal squeeze procedure
no meconium in 1st 12 hr and passed from 4-48 hr
meconium impaction
how many months where there is already fecal output in the amnion which can accumulate and if dehydrated, it becomes dry
11-12 months
sign of decreased appetite
swishing tail
indicates discomfort
arched back stance
management of meconium impaction
- phosphate enema
- soapy water enema (recommended)
- mineral oil
- dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
- analgesics (for pain)
- sx
- 2nd most common reason for presentation to NMS
- most important neonatal disease as it leads to death of foals
neonatal septicemia
foals have ________ HR than adult
higher
normal HR of adult and foal
adult: 28-40 bpm
foal: 70 bpm
3 classifications of neonatal septicemia
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response system)
MODS (multiple organ system dysfunction)
MOFS (multiple organ failure syndrome)
(neonatal septicemia):
- still able to mount immune response
- increased WBC, increased body temperature
SIRS
(neonatal septicemia):
- organ function is reduced
- increased GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), increased BUN, and other biochemical markers
- temperature dropping
MODS
(neonatal septicemia):
- hypothermic foal
- severe left shift (WBC: increase in immature neutrophils in proportion to mature ones)
- not producing urine
- unable to ingest food properly
- organs fail to function properly
MOFS
clinical consequences of neonatal septicemia (CHAOS)
Cardiovascular compromise
Homeostasis
Apoptosis
Organ dysfunction
Suppression of immune system
primary cause of neonatal septicemia
colostral failure dx develops after a few days
secondary cause of neonatal septicemia
infxn in uterus
normal color of colostrum
yellowish
maternal causes of failure of passive transfer
- placental lactation
- placentitis
- twins
- premature placental separation - poor colostral quality
- maiden mares
- older mares - lactation failure
- agalactia
- fescue poisoning
foal causes of failure of passive transfer
- failure to ingest colostrum
- weakness
- prematurity
- musculoskeletal deformity
- perinatal asphyxia syndrome - failure to absorb colostrum
- prematurity
- necrotizing enterocolitis
required # of L of good-excellent colostrum
1-2 L w/ honey consistency and >800 mg/dL
most common route of septicemia
gastrointestinal
most common form of sepsis
Gram (-) sepsis
sepsis tx drugs
penicillin
amikacin (nephrotoxic)
ceftiofur
ticarcillin-clavulanic acid
an antibody-mediated (immune-mediated) destruction of foal RBCs
NI
equine blood groups
A
C
D
K
P
Q
U
most commonly associated blood group w/ NI (90%)
Qa and Aa
