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EQUINE MED - ABALOS > Common Neonatal Problems > Flashcards

Common Neonatal Problems Flashcards

1
Q

common neonatal problems

A
  1. NI
  2. umbilical infxn
  3. diarrhea
  4. respiratory infxn
  5. joint ill
  6. congenital defect
  7. weak foal syndrome
  8. colic
  9. neonatal maladjustment syndrome
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2
Q

blood disorder that occurs when the foal’s immune system attacks its own RBCs

A

neonatal isoerythrolysis

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3
Q

condition that affects joints of young foals causing pain, swelling, and stiffness

A

joint ill

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4
Q

foals may be born weak, which can be due to various causes, including poor nutrition, disease, or genetics

A

weak foal syndrome

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5
Q

common digestive problem in horses of all ages, including foals, that can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms

A

colic

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6
Q

condition where the foal has neurological problems at birth which prevents it from suckling properly

A

neonatal maladjustment syndrome/dummy foal

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7
Q

ABCD

A

Airway
Breathing
Cardiac function
Drugs

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8
Q

w/c is more preferred:
room air or 100% O2

A

room air coz 100% O2 leads to metabolic problems

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9
Q

used to stimulate breathing

A

Ambu bag

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10
Q

if Ambu bag does not work proceed to

A

mouth-to-nose resuscitation

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11
Q

drugs that increase inotropic effect, thus, increasing cardiac contractility

A

E, dopamine

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12
Q

respiratory stimulant

A

caffeine

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13
Q

primary stimulant for initiation of parturition

A

cortisol

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14
Q

hx producing abnormal foals:
- __________: high probability of next foal to have one
- __________: antibodies from mare that attach foal cells

A
  1. neonatal septicemia
  2. NI
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15
Q

what will happen if twins

A

1 will be normal, other one will be runt
both fetus may be lost
at least 1 will be lost

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16
Q

normal vulval conformation

A

vertical

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17
Q

vulval conformation of mare w/ pneumovagina

A

upper part of vagina is tilted

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18
Q

an operation to close the vagina and rectum of a mare w/ pneumovagina

A

half twitch operation

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19
Q

APGAR

A

Appearance (skin color)
Pulse (HR)
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Attitude (tone)
Respiration

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20
Q

resuscitation drugs used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of foals

A

E
lidocaine
bretylium
atropine
CaCl
NaHCO3
MgS4

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21
Q

<320 days

A

premature foals (normal: 345 d [310-370d])

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22
Q

born on normal range but not fully developed due to nutritional problems and infxns

A

dysmature

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23
Q

causes of early delivery

A
  1. infected placenta
  2. foal: congenital defect
  3. stress: colic sx
  4. fescue poisoning: dysmature
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24
Q
  • etiologic agent of fescue poisoning
  • fungus infecting the grass that causes abortion
A

Acremonium coenophialum

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25
Q

placenta should not be more than ___% of the weight foal or else it will cause ____________

A
  1. 20%
  2. inflammatory rxn or infxn
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26
Q

doing well in the 1st 12 hr then followed by progressive weakness due to lack of O2

A

respiratoty failure

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27
Q

colostrum should be consumed:

A

w/in 30 min after birth
max: 12-24 hr

28
Q

pinocytosis of Abs

A

fetal enterocytes

29
Q

foal appear healthy when it is born but shortly after exhibits neurologic abnormalities due to respiratory problem

A

NMS or dummy foal

30
Q

IV fluids should be

A

isotonic to prevent metabolic problems

31
Q

antibiotics for NMS/dummy foal

A

penicillin
neomycin

32
Q

nephrotoxic antibiotic

A

neomycin -> monitor kidney fxn

33
Q

other terms for dummy foal syndrome

A

NMS
HIE (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy)
neonatal encephalopathy
wanderers
barkers

34
Q

secreted by foal’s brain

A

allopregnalone

35
Q

physical pressure lasting for 20-40 min during birthing process that stops sedative neurosteroid pdtn and probable cause of autism in humans

A

wake-up switch

36
Q

anti-inflam drug used for NMS

A

banamine

37
Q
  • indicated for small animals for inflam conditions such as joint swelling
  • prevents free radicals
  • prevents further brain damage
A

DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)

38
Q

drugs to control convulsions

A

phenobarbitone
primidone
phenytoin
diazepam
dexa
mannitol

39
Q

preferred bedding for foals

A

straw

40
Q

__________ pressure ventilation in cases of right-to-left shunting of blood due to atelectatic areas of the lungs or PDA

A

positive

41
Q

uses a simple rope harness in foal’s abdomen and mimic pressure normally experience in the birth canal; via a knot that you can tighten

A

Madigan foal squeeze procedure

42
Q

no meconium in 1st 12 hr and passed from 4-48 hr

A

meconium impaction

43
Q

how many months where there is already fecal output in the amnion which can accumulate and if dehydrated, it becomes dry

A

11-12 months

44
Q

sign of decreased appetite

A

swishing tail

45
Q

indicates discomfort

A

arched back stance

46
Q

management of meconium impaction

A
  • phosphate enema
  • soapy water enema (recommended)
  • mineral oil
  • dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
  • analgesics (for pain)
  • sx
47
Q
  • 2nd most common reason for presentation to NMS
  • most important neonatal disease as it leads to death of foals
A

neonatal septicemia

48
Q

foals have ________ HR than adult

A

higher

49
Q

normal HR of adult and foal

A

adult: 28-40 bpm
foal: 70 bpm

50
Q

3 classifications of neonatal septicemia

A

SIRS (systemic inflammatory response system)
MODS (multiple organ system dysfunction)
MOFS (multiple organ failure syndrome)

51
Q

(neonatal septicemia):
- still able to mount immune response
- increased WBC, increased body temperature

A

SIRS

52
Q

(neonatal septicemia):
- organ function is reduced
- increased GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), increased BUN, and other biochemical markers
- temperature dropping

A

MODS

53
Q

(neonatal septicemia):
- hypothermic foal
- severe left shift (WBC: increase in immature neutrophils in proportion to mature ones)
- not producing urine
- unable to ingest food properly
- organs fail to function properly

A

MOFS

54
Q

clinical consequences of neonatal septicemia (CHAOS)

A

Cardiovascular compromise
Homeostasis
Apoptosis
Organ dysfunction
Suppression of immune system

55
Q

primary cause of neonatal septicemia

A

colostral failure dx develops after a few days

56
Q

secondary cause of neonatal septicemia

A

infxn in uterus

57
Q

normal color of colostrum

A

yellowish

58
Q

maternal causes of failure of passive transfer

A
  1. placental lactation
    - placentitis
    - twins
    - premature placental separation
  2. poor colostral quality
    - maiden mares
    - older mares
  3. lactation failure
    - agalactia
    - fescue poisoning
59
Q

foal causes of failure of passive transfer

A
  1. failure to ingest colostrum
    - weakness
    - prematurity
    - musculoskeletal deformity
    - perinatal asphyxia syndrome
  2. failure to absorb colostrum
    - prematurity
    - necrotizing enterocolitis
60
Q

required # of L of good-excellent colostrum

A

1-2 L w/ honey consistency and >800 mg/dL

61
Q

most common route of septicemia

A

gastrointestinal

62
Q

most common form of sepsis

A

Gram (-) sepsis

63
Q

sepsis tx drugs

A

penicillin
amikacin (nephrotoxic)
ceftiofur
ticarcillin-clavulanic acid

64
Q

an antibody-mediated (immune-mediated) destruction of foal RBCs

A

NI

65
Q

equine blood groups

A

A
C
D
K
P
Q
U

66
Q

most commonly associated blood group w/ NI (90%)

A

Qa and Aa

EQUINE MED - ABALOS (7 decks)

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