Common Lab Tests Flashcards

Question

Foul Urine Odor

Answer 1

can indicate metabolic diseases - ex: maple syrup urine disease

Answer 2

blood in urine - normal value in urine is NONE - can be found through UA (dipstick) and microscope testing

Answer 3

- menstrual blood - concentrated urine - vigorous exercise

Answer 4

COMMON: - lower UTI** - nephrolithiasis** - urinary tract cancers** - renal cancers** - urinary catheter (trauma)** - anticoagulants** - strenuous exercise** Other: - Hemophilia - Lupus - Glomerulonephritis - Heavy Smokers

Answer 5

increased protein in urine **the presence of protein in urine is the single most important indication of renal (kidney) disease, even in a very healthy person, if persistent - can be mild, moderate, or severe

Answer 6

- various kidney diseases (DM)** - chronic urinary tract obstruction - malignant hypertension - fever -trauma - Lupus (can affect kidneys) - poisoning

Answer 7

numerous WBCs/epithelial cells in sample

Answer 8

increased urinary glucose - normal value of glucose in urine is NONE

Answer 9

- DM** (+ glucose urine test = evaluation for DM) - pituitary diseases/brain injury - various kidney diseases **+ glucose is NOT always abnormal: - could be due to a large meal OR emotional stress

Answer 10

- increased Vitamin C in diet - high presence of ketones

Answer 11

increased presence of urinary ketones in urine - normal value us NONE

Answer 12

- DM (ketoacidosis)** - starvation/fasting** - high fat diets (keto) - low carb diet - prolonged vomiting - fever -anorexia - pregnancy/lactation

Answer 13

- dehydration** - medications

Answer 14

some bacteria convert nitrate into nitrite, so nitrites in urine often indicate infection - normal value of nitrite is NONE

Answer 15

nitrites in the urine can come back negative during an infection if: - patient is urinating frequently - infection w/organisms that do not change nitrate to nitrite - diet low in nitrates

Answer 16

- Pyridium/AZO** - contamination

Answer 17

LE is an enzyme in WBC's - normal amount in urine should be negative

Answer 18

- UTI** - sterile pyuria **+ reading indicates pyuria and should be evaluated microscopically

Answer 19

- vaginal discharge** - trichomonas - parasites - contamination of sample**

Answer 20

- pyridium/AZO** - vitamin C

Answer 21

Normal range for bilirubin in urine is: 0-0.02 mg/dL

Answer 22

**THINK LIVER** - hepatitis - infection or toxic agents - obstructive biliary tract diseases *always investigate increase in this protein*

Answer 23

- false positive: Pyridium/AZO - false negative: Vitamin C

Answer 24

normal range: 0.1-1.0 mg/dL

Answer 25

indicates: - liver disease** - hemolysis

Answer 26

indicates: - biliary obstruction (ex: gallstones, pancreatic cancer) - antibiotic therapy

Answer 27

**test within ONE HOUR or refrigerate specimen otherwise:** - glucose levels may drop - ketones may dissipate - color will deepen - urinary sediment will deteriorate - bacteria will multiple - pH will become more alkaline/basic - bilirubin and urobilinogen may be oxidized

Answer 28

Test for: - bacteria - WBCs - RBCs - crystals - Casts (CASTS=KIDNEYS)** -> red cell -> white cell -> others: fatty, hyaline, granular, renal tubular epithelial cell

Answer 29

- 20 or more bacteria/HPF may indicate UTI - if nitrite positive too, reliable indicator of infection

Answer 30

- usually indicates UTI or injury (5 or more per HPF) causes: - UTI** - stones** - cancer** - inflammation**

Answer 31

high power field (microscopy)

Answer 32

-vaginal discharge -trichomonas -parasites -heavy mucous discharge

Answer 33

significant if 2 or more RBCs/HPF indicates: - UTI** - renal cancer** - bladder cancer** - kidney stones**

Answer 34

presence of squamous epithelial cells indicates contamination of sample

Answer 35

indicates hemorrhage and always pathologic - Glomerulonephritis** - Renal infarction - Lupus - Others

Answer 36

come from kidney tubules and indicate renal parenchymal disease... ...may indicate: - pyelonephritis - glomerulonephritis - other kidney disease

Answer 37

crystals are microscopic and can indicate many things based on the type; stones are visible to the eye in comparison to crystals

Answer 38

acidic urine, normal or indication of kidney stones

Answer 39

acidic urine, normal or indication of kidney stones

Answer 40

alkaline urine, normal or indication of kidney stones

Answer 41

acidic urine, PATHOLOGIC!!

Answer 42

performed on whole blood in a lavender/purple tube, which contains EDTA (prevents blood from clotting) can quantify: - WBCs - RBCs - platelets - hemoglobin - hematocrit

Answer 43

- physiologic stress can alter/influence results - natural body rhythms can cause fluctuation - dehydration/overhydration can alter values - fasting is not necessary but fat-laden meals may alter some results

Answer 44

4,000-11,000 per microliter

Answer 45

term for WBCs as a whole

Answer 46

increased WBCs - WBC count above 11,000 per microliter - usually a result of increase in just one type of WBC - often a result of acute infection (or inflammation)** -> but can also be indication of hemorrhage, leukemia, trauma, etc.

Answer 47

decreased WBCs - WBC count below 4,000 per microliter causes include: - viral infections ** - some bacterial infections - BAD infections (sepsis)** - meds that suppress bone marrow - bone marrow disorders (leukemia)

Answer 48

1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Eosinophils 4. Monocytes 5. Basophils

Answer 49

- severity of infection - patient's age - bone marrow efficiency/immune system

Answer 50

most numerous WBC** and primary defense against microbial invasion - are PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)

Answer 51

increased neutrophils in blood pathologic causes: - bacterial infection** - inflammation** - hemorrhage - tissue damage - leukemia - heart attack (MI) non-pathologic causes: - stress/exercise - steroids (prednisone)** - exposure to temperature extremes

Answer 52

decreased neutrophils in blood causes: - overwhelming bacterial infection (sepsis)** - viral infection** - drugs (ex: chemo) - blood diseases (ex: leukemia) also know: some elderly patients can have lower neutrophil counts in general

Answer 53

type of WBC that is a part of immune system - made in bone marrow and plays role in immune response - migrates to areas of inflammation 3 Types: 1. B Cells 2. T Cells 3. Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Answer 54

increase in lymphocytes in blood causes: - infections - mononucleosis (viral infection)** - measles - mumps -varicella - types of leukemia - lymphoma

Answer 55

decrease in lymphocytes causes: - chemo and radiation** - AIDS** - bone marrow disorders - heart failure - renal failure

Answer 56

type of WBC that fights disease and contains granules - bilobed nuclei (also a PMN) - chemicals in granules are toxic to invaders AND host cells

Answer 57

- time of day (low in morning, rises after noon) - burns - post-surgery

Answer 58

increased eosinophils in blood causes: - allergies - asthma - parasitic/tapeworm diseases - medications - some skin problems (eczema) *"Wheezes, sneezes, and weird diseases"*

Answer 59

decreased eosinophils in blood causes: - medications - early bacterial infection

Answer 60

type of WBC that works w/immune system to defend body from allergens, pathogens, and parasites - have granules that obscure the nucleus - granules produce histamine and other substances - are PMNs - usually not seen in blood at all

Answer 61

increased basophils in blood causes: - inflammation like: allergies**, bowel diseases - bone marrow problems: leukemia/lymphoma - some infections (ex: varicella/chicken pox)

Answer 62

decreased basophil levels detectable causes: - acute phase of infection - following prolonged steroid therapy

Answer 63

type of WBC that resides in blood to find and destroy germs and eliminate infected cells - big cells w/big nuclei - second line of defense against infection

Answer 64

increased monocytes in blood causes: - infections (TB, parasites, ticks, etc.) and recovery** - bone marrow/blood cancers - some GI disorders (w/inflammation in intestines)

Answer 65

decreased monocytes in blood causes: - prednisone treatment - HIV infection

Answer 66

the most abundant blood cell in the bloodstream - do not have nuclei - carry oxygen to tissue and bring back CO2 to lungs (uses hemoglobin to do this) - lifespan: ~120 days

Answer 67

Men: 4.6-6 x 10^6/mL Women: 4.0-5.0 x 10^6/mL

Answer 68

Increased RBC count causes: - polycythemia vera** - renal disease - high altitude - pulmonary disease - cardiovascular disease - tobacco use - dehydration

Answer 69

decreased RBC count causes: - anemia** - bone marrow/blood cancers - Lupus

Answer 70

part of RBC that carries oxygen and CO2 - the initial test to check for anemia

Answer 71

Female: 12.0-15.5 g/dL Male: 13.6-17.5 g/dL **Panic values: <7**

Answer 72

the % of RBCs within the entire blood - depends on number and size of RBCs

Answer 73

Female: 35-45% Male: 40-50%

Answer 74

Hct is approx 3x the Hgb Hct = Hgb x 3

Answer 75

smallest of the formed cellular elements and mostly formed in bone marrow (some in spleen) - play important role in blood clotting**, vasoconstriction, etc.

Answer 76

approx 150,000-450,000/mL

Answer 77

increased platelets in the blood causes: - cancer (leukemia)** - trauma and exercise - acute infections** - iron deficiency anemia

Answer 78

decreased platelets in blood causes: - some infections (viruses, bacteria, ticks)** - ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia) - other anemias - liver disease (cirrhosis)**

Answer 79

gets levels for: - Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - BUN (Blood urea nitrogen) - Creatinine - Serum Glucose ("blood sugar") - Ca2+ BMP is performed on serum or plasma - serum: gold tube that has gel that helps serum separate from other blood components - plasma: light green tube w/heparin (anticoagulant) in it

Answer 80

sodium is the primary cation in extracellular fluid (outside cell)** - normal range: 134-145 mEq/L

Answer 81

increased serum Na+ - indicates a total water deficit in the body

Answer 82

decreased serum Na+ - indicates a total water excess in the body

Answer 83

potassium is the primary cation of intracellular fluid (inside cell)** - changes in K+ can affect nerves, muscles, and the heart** - if blood sample gets hemolyzed during collection, K+ leaves the cells and leads to a. falsely elevated K+ level

Answer 84

increased K+ in blood serum

Answer 85

decreased K+ in blood serum

Answer 86

chloride is the primary anion of the extracellular fluid - typically goes hand-in-hand w/Na+

Answer 87

increased chloride in blood serum

Answer 88

decreased chloride in blood serum - ex: increased sweating

Answer 89

ion formed in kidneys that acts as a buffer when H+ is produced by metabolism of acids - normal range: 22-26 mEq/L - holds CO2 content

Answer 90

increased bicarbonate in blood serum

Answer 91

decreased bicarbonate in blood serum

Answer 92

protein metabolism leads to ammonia production and then urea is synthesized in the liver - normal range: 10-20 mg/dL

Answer 93

- kidney insufficiency** - urinary tract obstruction** - dehydration - increased protein ingestion

Answer 94

- low protein diet** - starvation - cirrhosis

Answer 95

muscles metabolize creatine, which leads to creatinine production - more muscle mass = more creatinine production - normal range: <1.5 mg/dL but with some difference in range between men and women**

Answer 96

decreased renal function**

Answer 97

decreased muscle mass/cachexia

Answer 98

- Vit C/Cephalosporin can cause falsely elevated levels - A diet high in meat can cause an increased level - May be falsely decreased by bilirubin or high levels of glucoseBMP

Answer 99

BMP results typically include a calculation of the GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - indicates how well kidneys are working - indicates how much blood is passing through glomeruli each minute - calculation of GFR involves Scr, age, and sex

Answer 100

rate at which blood is filtered each minute

Answer 101

BMP results typically include an anion gap (AG) - formula: Anion Gap = Na - (Cl+HCO3) - increased anion gap indicates type of acidosis - decreased anion gap is very rare

Answer 102

difference between serum cations and anions formula: Anion Gap = Na - (Cl + HCO3)

Answer 103

glucose is a primary energy source for metabolism - liver converts carbs to glucose - excess glucose converted to glycogen in liver/muscle - process needs insulin - normal range of glucose in blood: 75-110 micrograms/dL

Answer 104

increased serum glucose causes: - diabetes** - endocrine disorders - severe infection** - steroids**

Answer 105

decreased serum glucose causes: - endocrine disorders - metabolic disorders - meds (too much insulin) - liver disease

Answer 106

normal range: 9.0-10.5 mg/dL

Answer 107

increased blood serum calcium causes: - heart problems** - hyperparathyroidism (bone breakdown)** - too much vitamin D** - kidneys aren't excreting Ca

Answer 108

decreased blood serum calcium causes: - muscle contractions** - seizure** - hypoparathyroidism** - vitamin D deficiency** - renal insufficiency**

Answer 109

test that tells us the average blood sugar level of the past 6-12 weeks (avg lifespan of RBC) - normal range: 3.8-6.4% - elevated A1c of 6.5+ or more is diagnostic of DM** - not accurate during pregnancy**, renal failure, or blood loss - Hgb related diseases can increase or decrease Hgb A1c

Answer 110

tests for a pancreatic enzyme - enzyme normalizes faster than lipase

Answer 111

- pancreatitis** - pancreatic obstruction - gallbladder inflammation

Answer 112

- pancreatic insufficiency** - liver disease

Answer 113

tests for pancreatic enzyme Lipase - Lipase stays elevated longer in pancreatitis than amylase

Answer 114

- pancreatitis** - pancreatic cancer - gallbladder inflammation

Answer 115

tests for a liver enzyme - although enzyme is also located in heart, muscle, kidney and a few other organs - gets released when tissues are injured - normal range: 9-40 U/L

Answer 116

- liver problems** - heart attack (MI)

Answer 117

tests for a liver enzyme that is primarily in lover but has small amounts in. muscles and heart - also gets released when tissues are injured - normal range: 0-35 U/L

Answer 118

liver damage** (infections, meds, alcohol, cancer, etc)

Answer 119

looks for liver enzyme alkaline phosphatase - present in many types of cells not just liver (includes bone, biliary tract, intestines, placenta, kidney) - gets released when cells are destroyed OR during growth periods - normal range: 30-120 U/L

Answer 120

- liver problems** - bone disorders - biliary tract disorders

Answer 121

- osteoporosis** - some vitamin deficiencies

Answer 122

bilirubin is conjugated in the liver and excreted in bile - can also come from breakdown of RBCs

Answer 123

- increased breakdown of RBCs (hemolysis) - certain liver and bile duct problems

Answer 124

some types of anemia

Answer 125

CMP = Comprehensive Metabolic Panel tests for everyone on BMP plus: - AST - ALT - Alk phos - Bilirubin - Total protein - Albumin

Answer 126

tests for liver enzyme GGT - also found in kidney, prostate, and spleen - levels are higher in male patients

Answer 127

liver problems** (including alcoholism)

Answer 128

- relatively inexpensive tests - performed at "Point of Care (at/near bedside) - can be performed by non-lab personnel - gets results faster than non-POCT (less delay in treatment) - speed at the expense of accuracy - may need to do further confirmatory testing later

Answer 129

- fingerstick glucose test - urine pregnancy test - rapid strep test - Hgb A1c - POC troponin (for diagnosis of MI)