Anatomy Review Flashcards
What is anatomy?
study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other
Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye
Regional Anatomy
all the body structures (muscles, bones, blood, vessels, nerves, etc.) in a given body region, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time
Systemic Anatomy
body is studied system by system
ex: when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body
Surface Anatomy
internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin
ex: clinicians use it to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses and draw blood
Microscopic Anatomy
the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cytology: study of individual cells
Histology: study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy
the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime
Embryology
concerns the developmental changes that occur before birth
Pathological Anatomy
study of structural changes associated with disease
Radiographic Anatomy
study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques (X-rays or special scanning devices)
Molecular Biology
study of biological molecules
Chemical Organization of Human Body
Atoms: made up of subatomic particles
Molecules: 2 or more atoms
Macromolecules: small molecules joined together
Cellular Organization of Body
macromolecules combine to form cells
basic structural and functional unit of body
Tissue Organization of Body
group of cells working together to perform a function
- 4 basic types:
1. epithelial
2. connective tissu
3. muscle
4. nerve
Organ Organization of Body
two or more tissues joined together with a specific function and shape
System Organization of Body
related organs with a common function
-11 systems in human body
Anatomical Position
standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Superior
toward the head/upper part of a structure
Inferior
away from the head/toward the lower part of a structure
Anterior
at or near the front of the body (frontal anatomical view)
Posterior
at or near the back of the body (back anatomical view)
Medial
nearer to the midline
Lateral
farther from the midline
Proximal
nearer to the origination of a structure
Distal
farther from the origination of a structure
Superficial
close to the surface of the body
Deep
away from the surface of the body
Sagittal
divides body into left and right portions
Mid-saggital/Median
divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse/Horizontal
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal/Frontal
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Flexion
refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
Extension
refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts
Abduction
a movement away from the midline
ex: abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body
Adduction
movement towards the midline
ex: adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together
Supination
turning body parts from supine position up, aka flipping palm to face up is supination
Pronation
turning body parts to put supine position down is pronation, for example palm facing down
Circumduction
defined as a conical movement of a limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled.
Dorsal Body Cavity
includes the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral Body Cavity
includes thoracic cavity (heart and lungs), diaphragm, abdominal cavity (digestive viscera), and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs and rectum)
Serous Membrane
walls of ventral body cavity and outer surface of organs are covered with this thin, double-layered membrane
Parietal Serous Membrane
lines the body cavity walls and is named for the specific cavities it is associated with
- lines stuff in ventral body cavity
Visceral Serous Membrane
covers the outer surfaces of organs and is named for the specific organs it is associated with (all within ventral cavity)
Serous Fluid
fluid secreted by the serous membranes that allows for organs to slide without friction along cavity walls and between each other
