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PCM 2020 Final > Common Lab Studies > Flashcards

Common Lab Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Normal WBC count

A

3.5-11k

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2
Q

What would a neutrophil predominance be indicative of?

A

may represent bacterial infection, inflammatory, or neoplastic process

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3
Q

What would a leukocyte predominance be indicative of?

A

may represent viral (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]), bacterial infections (pertussis), lymphocytic leukemia

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4
Q

What would a basophil predominance be indicative of?

A

allergic reactions, hypothyroidism, splenectomy, neoplastic (CML, polycythemia vera)

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5
Q

What would a monocyte predominance be indicative of?

A

G.I. disorders, sarcoidosis, recovery from bone marrow suppression

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6
Q

What would eosinophil predominance be indicative of?

A

parasitic infections, allergic diseases, G.I. diseases, cutaneous diseases

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7
Q

What would a decrease in neutrophils be indicative of?

A

overwhelming bacterial infection, AIDS, hypersplenism, anaphylactic shock, cachexia

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8
Q

What would lymphopenia be indicative of?

A

immunodeficiency disorders, adrenocortical hormone excess or corticosteroid treatment, impaired drainage of intestinal lymphatics, chemotherapeutic drugs, advanced lymphomas and carcinomas, infections (HIV)

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9
Q

What is normal of a hematocrit?

A

31-53

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10
Q

What is a normal platelet level?

A

140-150k

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a BMP?

A

A panel of blood tests used to monitor kidney function, electrolytes, acid-base and fluid balance

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12
Q

What is normal glucose level?

A

60-100

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13
Q

What is a normal BUN?

A

6-20 mg/dL

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14
Q

What is BUN used for?

A

Important in determining volume status along with creatinine

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15
Q

What are three scenarios in which BUN is increased?

A

Pre-renal azotemia

Renal azotemia

Post renal azotemia

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16
Q

What is a normal creatinine level?

A

0.5-1.2 mg/dL

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17
Q

What is Cr used for in terms of diagnosis?

A

Important to assess a patient’s kidney function (always tested prior to contrast studies) and to
determine the presence of renal injury (along with BUN)

Loss of renal function is associated with increased level of creatinine

Always compare a patient’s baseline creatinine when assessing a patient’s kidney function

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18
Q

What is a normal Na+ level?

A

135-145 mmol/L

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19
Q

What are some causes of hypovolemic hyponatremia?

A
  • Typically due to G.I. tract or renal losses

- Less commonly due to third spacing (pancreatitis) or skin injuries (burns)

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20
Q

How do you treat someone with hypovolemic hyponatremia

A
  • Replace fluids judiciously (do not over resuscitate or can lead to
    permanent brain damage, seizures, coma and death)
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21
Q

What is Euvolemic hyponatremia and how do you treat it?

A
  • SIADH from medications, pulmonary, or neurological etiologies - BUN < 10 mg/dL
  • Fluid restrict and stop offending agent
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22
Q

What is a cause of hypervolemic hyponatremia

A

CHF
Cirrhosis
CKI

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23
Q

What are causes of hypernatremia?

A
  • Reduced water relative to Na+: diarrhea, lactulose
  • Skin loss: excess sweating, insensible losses from skin and respiratory tract
  • Renal losses (osmotic and loop diuretics), diabetes insipidus (Lithium, demeclocycline),
    hypercalcemia, hypokalemia
24
Q

What is a normal level of potassium?

A

3.5-5.1 mmol/L

25
Q

Review the hyperkalemia and hypokalemia stuff on the document

A

:)

26
Q

What is a normal Chloride level?

A

96-106 mmol/L

27
Q

What is a normal CO2 level?

A

22-29 mmol/L

28
Q

CO2 < 22 mmol/L, suggests _______ ______

A

metabolic acidosis

29
Q

In the event of metabolic acidosis what are some things that you should do?

A
  • Calculate Anion gap to determine the cause of the metabolic acidosis
  • Anion Gap: Na+ - (Cl- + CO2)= AG; Reference Level (10-12 mmol/L)
  • Increased AG = presence of the unmeasured ions (lactic acid, phosphate, sulfate, ketones)
  • Normal AG = indicates losses of HCO3- & Cl- (diarrhea, renal losses)
  • Low AG = (hypoalbuminemia, CHF, multiple myeloma)
30
Q

CO2 > 29 mmol/L suggests ______ _______ secondary to loss of ____

A

metabolic alkalosis secondary to a loss of acid

31
Q

What is a normal calcium level?

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

32
Q

90% of the time, hypercalcemia is due to this….

A

hyperparathyroidism or malignancy

33
Q

What should you order when someone is hypercalcemic?

A

Urinary Ca2+

PTH

34
Q

What is a normal magnesium level?

A

1.7-2.2 mg/dL

35
Q

When is Phosphorus clinically significant

A

if it is < 1.5 mg/dL

36
Q

What is a normal alkaline phosphate level?

A

30-120 IU/L

37
Q

What is a normal bilirubin level? Total and direct

A

Total: 0.2-1.2 mg/dL

Direct: 0.0-0.4 mg/dL

38
Q

What is a normal troponin level?

A

<=0.04

39
Q

What is a normal BNP?

A

<100 pg/mL

40
Q

What is BNP?

A
  • A biochemical marker released by the atria d/t myocardial fiber stretching (volume overload) - Used to distinguish primary pulmonary causes of dyspnea from cardiac causes
41
Q

What is a normal D-dimer?

A

<0.5

42
Q

What is a normal INR?

A

0.9-1.1

43
Q

What things does a UA test for?

A
  • Tests for: glucose, ketones, specific gravity, protein, myoglobin (not hemoglobin), RBC’s, WBC’s, casts - The presence of nitrates, leukocyte esterase, WBC’s, and bacteria indicate a UTI
44
Q

What does a urine drug screen test for?

A

Common drugs screened include: amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opiates,
marijuana, and PCP

45
Q

What is a normal TSH level?

A

0.0025-5.1 IU/L

46
Q

What is a normal thyroxine level?

A

4.6-12 ug/dL

47
Q

What is a normal pH

A

7.36-7.44

48
Q

What is a normal pCO2 in a blood gas ?

A

35-45

49
Q

What is a normal bicarb in a blood gas?

A

24 +/- 2

50
Q

What is a normal AG (anion gap)?

A

12 +/- 4

51
Q

What is a normal lactate level in a blood gas

A

<1.9

52
Q

What is a normal pO2

A

<80

53
Q

What is a normal aspirin level? When does it become toxic?

A

0-120 mg/kg is normal

toxicity >150mg/kg

54
Q

What is a normal acetaminophen level?

A

<140 mg/kg

55
Q

What is a normal CRP?

A

<1 mg/dL

56
Q

What is a normal lactic acid level?

A

0.5-2.0 mEq/L

57
Q

What is a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate? (ESR)

male and female

A

male: 0-15 mm/hr

female 0/20 mm/hr

PCM 2020 Final (9 decks)

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