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CATA 437 final exam > Common imaging technique > Flashcards

Common imaging technique Flashcards

1
Q

Dense material shows up as ____ on X-rays

A

white

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2
Q

what is considered to be dense material?

A

bone and metal

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3
Q

Air in lungs shows up as ___ on X-rays

A

Black

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4
Q

Fat and muscle shows up as ___ on X-rays

A

Shades of grey

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5
Q

When is X-ray used for bones and teeth?

A

Fractures and infections
Bone tumours
Osteoporosis

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6
Q

When is x-rays used for chest?

A

Lung infections/conditions (pneumonia)
Breast cancer
Enlarged heart

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7
Q

When is X-rays used for abdomen?

A

Swallowed items
Digestive tract problems

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8
Q

What is the ABCS approach of X-ray interpretation?

A

Alignment and joint space
Bone texture
Cortices
Soft tissues

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9
Q

What to look for in alignment and joint space?

A

Fracture/subluxation/dislocation
Narrowing due to cartilage loss, calcification, new bone formation

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10
Q

What to look for in bone texture?

A

Altered density or disruption

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11
Q

What to look for in cortices?

A

Trace around the bone as a step on the cortex may indicate fracture or other pathology

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12
Q

What to look for in soft tissues?

A

Swelling
Foreign bodies
Effusion

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13
Q

Risk considerations for X-ray

A

Small amount of radiation exposed to is safe
Safe for adults
Not safe for developing fetus
Children more sensitive to radiation then adults

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14
Q

CT scan stands for what

A

Computerized tomography

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15
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

Combines a series of X-ray images at different angles and makes it into slices of bones/vessels/soft tissues

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16
Q

Which of CT scan or X-ray gives more radiation?

A

CT scan

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17
Q

Why is CT scan used?

A

diagnose muscle or bone disorder
pinpoint location of infection, tumor, fracture
guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy, and radiation therapy
detect and monitor diseases and conditions
monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments (cancer ex)
detect internal injuries and internal bleeding

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18
Q

Purpose of the fluid injected into knee for CT scan

A

Allows radiologist to evaluate meniscus tear or chondromalacia patella

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19
Q

Why is diagnostic ultrasound safe?

A

No radiation/no biological effects

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20
Q

Physiology of ultrasound

A

High frequency sound waves that bounce off of tissue and organs to create a multi-dimensional image

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21
Q

What is the gold standard for RC tears?

A

Ultrasound and CT scan

22
Q

Why is ultrasound not a good choice for ACL and PCL?

A

Too deep

23
Q

Physiology of MRI

A

Technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues in the body

24
Q

Theory behind the magnetic field for MRI

A

Temporarily realigns hydrogen atoms in your body
Radio waves cause these aligned atoms to produce very faint signals, which are used to create cross-sectional MRI images

25
Q

Does the MRI expose the patient to radiation?

A

NOPE

26
Q

Gold standard for diagnosing soft tissues injuries

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

27
Q

MRI for brain and spinal cord

A

Aneurysms of cerebral vessels
Disorders of the eye and inner ear
Multiple sclerosis
Spinal cord injuries
Stroke
Tumors
Brain injury from trauma

28
Q

MRI for heart and blood vessels

A

Size and function of the heart’s chambers
Thickness and movement of the walls of the heart
The extent of damage caused by heart attack or heart disease
Structural problems in the aorta
Inflammation or blockages in the blood vessels

29
Q

MRI for internal organs

A

Check for tumors or abnormalities of:
liver/bile ducts/kidneys/spleen/pancreas/uterus/ovaries/prostate

30
Q

Absolute contraindications of MRI

A

Cardiac implants
Metal pieces
Drug infusion pumps
Artificial limb
Hearing aid

31
Q

Relative contraindications for MRI

A

Tattoos less than 6 weeks old
Shunts
Medication patch
Joint placement or prosthesis
Pt unable to obey breathing instructions or has severe claustrophobia
BMI (unable to fit in)

32
Q

Normal MRI magnetic field strength is ___ Tesla vs Open MRI is less than ___ Tesla

A

1.5-2.0 vs 0.5

33
Q

Which of T1 or T2 is better for inflammation?

A

T2

34
Q

T1 vs T2-weighted - CSF/fluid

A

T1 = dark
T2 = bright (white)

35
Q

T1 vs T2-weighted - muscle

A

T1 = grey
T2 = dark grey

36
Q

T1 vs T2-weighted - Spinal cord

A

T1 = grey
T2 = light grey

36
Q

T1 vs T2-weighted - Fat

A

T1 = bright
T2 = light

36
Q

T1 vs T2-weighted - Disc (intact and hydrated)

A

T1 = grey
T2 = bright

37
Q

T1 vs T2-weighted - Air

A

T1 = very dark
T2 = very dark

37
Q

T1 vs T2-weighted - Inflammation

A

T1 = dark
T2 = bright

38
Q

Most of common location of stress fractures?

A

Tibia

39
Q

Goal of DEXA Scan

A

Measure density of bone tissue, does not produce high quality picture

40
Q

How does DEXA works?

A

Uses low levels of x-ray to measure how dense your bones are

41
Q

What is a bone scan used for?

A

Used to detect stress fracture of the long bones and vertebrae, DDD, infections and tumors of the bone

42
Q

How does the bone scan work?

A

Injection of isotopes several hours before scan to show increased areas of increased activity

43
Q

X-rays do not show stress fractures unless ___ of bone loss, while bone scans show at ___

A

30-50%
4-5%

44
Q

What is a bone scan used for?

A

Arthritis
Avascular necrosis
Bone cancers
Fractures
Fibrous dysplasia
Paget’s disease
Infections involving bone

45
Q

What is EMG used for?

A

As a diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them.

46
Q

What does the EMG reveal?

A

Reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with nerve to muscle signal transmission

47
Q

Why get an EMG done?

A

Tingling
Numbness
Muscle weakness
Muscle pain/cramping

48
Q
A

CATA 437 final exam (6 decks)

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