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Y2 Ophthalmology > Common Eye Conditions > Flashcards

Common Eye Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of blindness in adults 35-65years?

A

diabetic retinopathy

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2
Q

treatment options for wet macular degeneration

A

anti-VEGF injections, laser photocoagulation, intravitreal steroids

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3
Q

Which form of macular degeneration carries the worst prognosis?

A

wet macular degeneration

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4
Q

How is orbital cellulitis diagnosed?

A

CT, ENT with ophthalmology review

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5
Q

Features of wet macular degeneration?

A

choroidal neovascularisation, leakage of serous fluid and blood

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6
Q

What causes neovascularisation in the retina?

A

growth factors released due to retinal ischaemia

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7
Q

Prevention of cataracts?

A

wear sunglasses, decrease oxidative stress and stop smoking

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8
Q

common complication of ophthalmic zoster

A

post-herpetic neuralgia

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9
Q

How is Ramsay Hunt Syndrome treated?

A

aciclovir and prednisolone

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10
Q

What is Ramsay Hunt syndrome?

A

herpes zoster of the facial nerve, often in the elderly

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11
Q

Common triad of symptoms with horners syndrome

A

miosis, ptosis and anhidrosis (inability to sweat on that side)

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12
Q

What causes microaneurysms to form in the retina?

A

pericyte dysfunction

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13
Q

presentation of ophthalmic zoster

A

pain and neuralgia in CN V1 dermatome preceding a blistering inflammaed rash

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14
Q

Straight lines starting to appear wavy is a sign of…

A

macular degeneration

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15
Q

Diagnosis of cataract is best made…

A

with a dilated pupil and slit lamp or ophthalmascope

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16
Q

Risk factors for ophthalmic zoster

A

increasing age, trauma to the area, immunocompromise

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide?

A

cataracts

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18
Q

Predictors of ocular involvement with ophthalmic zoster (3)

A

Hutchinsons sign, around 50% HZO will have globe involvement - purulent conjunctivitis, visual loss, keratitis, episcleritis, scleritis, irititis

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19
Q

Horners syndrome affects the eye because of nerve impingement of which nerve roots?

A

C8-T2

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20
Q

Common organisms causing orbital cellulitis?

A

staph aureus, strep pneumoniae

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21
Q

Horners syndrome may affect the eye by causing…

A

miosis (small pupil) or ptosis (dropping eyelid)

22
Q

How is surgery for cataracts carried out?

A

one eye at a time, ultrasound to dissolve original lens and then replaced with plastic or silicone lens…should correct refractive error

23
Q

What are common risk factors for cataract development?

A

age, congenital, trauma, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, uveitis, systemic drugs i.e. steroids, hypocalcaemia

24
Q

signs of diabetic retinopathy on fundoscopy?

A

blot haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, microaneurysms, neovascularisation

25
Q

How does Ramsay Hunt syndrome present?

A

severe otalgia preceding CN VII palsy, vesicles form in the ear, deep meatus, +/- soft palate and tongue, may also have vertigo, deafness and tinitus

26
Q

Risk factors for macular degeneration?

A

age >60 years, smoking, FHx, caucasian, high cumulative sunlight exposure, female sex

27
Q

Best treatment for cataracts

A

surgery - although limited outcome if combined with macular degeneration (around 30% patients)

28
Q

Presentation of a child with orbital cellulitis

A

inflammation around the orbit, fever, lid swelling and decreased eye movements and diplopia

29
Q

Which group is typically affected by orbital cellulitis?

A

children

30
Q

What is a cataract?

A

opacification of the lens

31
Q

What is preseptal cellulitis?

A

infection of the soft tissues anterior to the orbital septum

32
Q

Treatment for preseptal cellulitis

A

amoxicillin 1g TDS for 7-10 days

33
Q

Presentation of cataracts

A

blurred vision, bilateral causes gradual painless loss of vision, glare/haloes around street lights, change in refractive error

34
Q

What is reassuring in the presentation of ophthalmic zoster?

A

visual acuity and normal corneal appearance

35
Q

A subtype of cataract is posterior subcapsular cataracts…how does it differ?

A

progresses faster and usually is from steroid use

36
Q

Signs of macular degeneration?

A

reduced visual acuity - blurred and distorted vision, particularly the central vision

37
Q

common causes of preseptal cellulitis

A

sinusitit or facial skin lesions

38
Q

What distinguishes preseptal cellulitis from orbital cellulitis?

A

lack of painful eye movments, diplopia and visual impairement - however if in doubt treat as if orbital cellulitis

39
Q

treatment options for dry macular degeneration

A

none

40
Q

Treatment of orbital cellulitis

A

Surgical drainage of abscess and antibiotics

41
Q

Features of dry macular degeneration?

A

Drusen around the macula - yellow round spots

42
Q

What causes exudates in the retina?

A

endothelial dysfunction –> increased vascular permeability and protein leakage

43
Q

What is orbital cellulitis?

A

infection of the soft tissues posterior to the orbital septum - sight and life threatening!

44
Q

Why does Hutchinson’s sign predict involvement of the globe?

A

nasociliary branch of CN V1 affects the globe

45
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness in the UK?

A

age related macular degeneration

46
Q

What is the main treatment for opthalmic zoster?

A

oral antivirals within 72 hours of rash appearing

47
Q

What is proptosis?

A

protrusion of the orbital contents

48
Q

Complications associated with orbital cellulitis

A

orbital abscesses, visual loss (CRVO, CRAO, optic neuritis), meningitis, brain abscess, thrombosis in the dural or cavernous sinus

49
Q

When should patients with ophthalmic zoster be referred?

A

any pain, redness or altered vision

50
Q

What are the two forms of age related macular degeneration?

A

dry and wet

Y2 Ophthalmology (6 decks)

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