Commercial Helicopter Flashcards
Contains information to help with Checkride
Flight Experience (61.129) 11 ITEMS
150 Hours
100 hours PIC
10 XC
20 Hours Training ( DUAL)
5 instrument
1 2 hour xc 50 NM from departure
1 2 hour xc NIGHT 50 NM from departure
3 Hours within 2 months
10 Hours Solo
1 XC, 3 Points, 50 NM from Departure
5 Hours Night 10 Take offs and landings
Privileges ( 61.133.a)
Fly for compensation or hire in accordance with applicable subparts
Limitations ( 61.133.b)
No specific Limitations
Flight Recency (61.56)
24 Calendar Months( BFR, Biennale flight review)
1 Hour ground, 1 Hour Flight
Log book endorsement from instructor
Passenger Recency (61.56)
3 Takeoff and Landing with in 90 days
NIGHT: 3 Take off and Landings 1 hour after sunset
Nighttime Definitions
Sunset = Lights Required
30 Minutes after Sunset = Logging night
1 Hour after sunset = passenger recency logging
Medical (61.23)
At least a Second Class
Valid 1 year, then it has 3rd class privilege’s
Instruct with 3rd Class
1st Class also valid 1 year when under 40
Logbook & Records (61.51.a)
Training towards certificate, rating or flight review and to meet recent flight experience
Airworthiness
Does not expire as long as maintenance is kept up to date
Must be visible to passengers
Resgisrtation
Valid 3 years
Operating Limitations
12 ITEMS
-Aerobatic Flight Prohibited
-Low g Prohibited
-Governor Off Prohibited
-Flight into known Icing Prohibited
-14000’ DA
-GOAL
Governor, Outside Air temp, Alternator, Low rotor warning system
-Solo Right seat only
-Left seat belt buckled
-Both doors off allowed
-Headset Must be worn
-Placards Present
-Day & Night VFR approved
Weight and Balance Numbers
1370 MGW 920 Minimum Gross Weight 240 Per Seat 50 LBS baggage Solo pilot weight of at least 135
Why a Minimum weight of 920 LBS
To ensure blades come enough and in turn are affected by the Coriolis affect and can maintain RPM
MMEL
Manufacturer Minimum Equipment List
MEL
Minimum Equipment List
What can be inop and still be airworthy
Serialized, for each aircraft
Derived from MMEL
AD(Airworthiness Directive)
Mandatory
Found on FAA website
Owner/Operator Responsible
Maintenance
11 ITEMS
SALTHATPEGV
- Service Bulletins
- -From Manufacturer
- AD’s
- -Mandatory, From FAA
- Life Limited Parts
- -2200 or 4400 hour parts
- Time Before Overhaul
- -12 Years of 2200 hours
- Hundred Hour
- -Due if carrying passengers or flight training
- Annual
- -Every Year, can replace hundred hour
- Transponder
- -24 Calendar Months
- Pitot-Static
- -24 Calendar Months or opened
- E.L.T.
- -12 Months, 1 hour cumulative Use, half useful battery
- GPS
- -28 Days
- VOR
- -30 Days
Required Equipment DAY (91.205.b)
CAMASFOOT
- Compass
- Altimeter
- Manifold Pressure Gauge
- Air Speed Indicator
- Seat Belts
- Fuel Gauge
- Oil Temp
- Oil Pressure
- Tachometer
Required Equipment NIGHT (91.205.c)
CAMASFOOT and FLAPIS
- Fuses
- Landing Lights
- Anti-Collision Lights
- Position Lights
- Instrument Lights
- Source of Power ( battery)
Determining Airworthiness
4 CHECKS
If listed by FAR
- -91.205
- -CAMASFOOT/FLAPIS
- -Listed by AD
- -Listed in POH
- –GOAL
- -Required for flight safety
Inop Equipment
Placarded INOP
Removed or Disabled
-Pull Circuit breaker and ziptie up
Special Flight Permit/Ferry Permit
also 5 reasons Why
ALWAYS REFER TO IT AS SPECIAL FLIGHT PERMIT IN CHECK RIDE AND STAGE CHECK
- May be issued if aircraft doesn’t meet airworthiness standard but is still safe
- Issued by FSDO
- Reasons
- -Fly to where repairs can be made
- -Delivering
- -Flight Testing
- -Evacuating Areas of Danger
- -Customer demonstration
- –If passed Flight Testing
Compliance Record
Record of AD required in Maintenance Log
METAR
- Issued at least every hour
- Date, time, winds, sky coverage, temp/dew, altimeter, visibility
- with in 5 sm of Airport
TAF
- 4x per day
- Winds, sky condition, visibility, significant weather
- Valid 24-30 hours
- -Listed at top
FA (Area Forecast)
No longer for continental US
- Alaska
- Gulf
- Hawaii
- Caribbean
- 3x per day
- -Valid 18 hours
Surface Analysis Chart
Every 3 hours Highs/Lows Temps, Dewpoints Wind speed/direction Local weather Visibility
Radar Summary
Displays Current Radar Summary
-Radar = Rain
Winds and Temps Aloft
4x Per day Winds in True Not Forecasted within 1500' of station Winds greater that 99 knots --add 50 to direction, subtract 100 from speed
True
- Corrected for Variation
Magnetic
-What the compass Says
Course
-Where you are going
Heading
-Where you are facing
Significant weather Prognostic Chart
Prognostic = forecast
4x per day
Valid 12/24 Hours
Surface to 24000’
ATIS Report
Automated Terminal Information System Non Control information Hourly From ASOS PROVIDES -Facility Name -Phonetic Letter Code -Time of Broadcast -Weather information --wind speed/direction --Visibility -Temp/Dew -Altimeter Setting - Runways in use
AWOS
Automated Weather Observation System
- Minute by minute weather
- DA
- We have -3 A02
- -Altimeter, wind data, temp/dew point, density alt, vis, cloud/ceiling data
- – A02 =discriminates precipitation
ASOS
- Same as AWOS-3 with addition capabilities
- type and intensity of precipitation, wind shifts, peak gusts, rapid pressure changes and the amount of accumulated precipitation
AIRMET
- 4x per day
- To all aircraft
- -potentially hazardous to small aircraft
- S = Mountain Obscuration/IFR conditions
- T = Turbulence
- Z = Icing
- Moderate Icing
- Moderate Turbulence
- Widespread ceilings under 1000’ and vis 3 miles
- Extensive Mountain Obscuration
- sustained winds 30+ knots
SIGMET
- Issued as required
- Valid 4 hours
- Severe Turbulence
- Severe icing
- Dust storms/Volcanic ash
Convective SIGMET
- Issued as required
- Valid 2 hours
- Severe Thunderstorms
- Surface winds greater than 50 knots
- Hail greater that 3/4”
- Embedded Thunderstorms covering 40% of a 3000 SQMile area
PIREP
Pilot Reports Breakdown -Nearest Station -Type UA(Routine)UUA(Urgent) -Location, OV, relation to VOR -Time, TM -Altitude, FL -Aircraft Type, TP -Sky Coverage, SK...Few,SCT -Weather, WX...Vis,Precip,Fog -Temp, TA -Wind, WV(Magnetic KTS) -Turbulence, TB -Icing, IC -Remarks
119 Exceptions
8 ITEMS
- Instruction
- Ferry or training Flight
- Non-stop Commercial tours
- -with in 22 NM
- -less than 30 seats and 7500lbs MGW
- -returns to the same airport
- -Does not include Grand Canyon
- Aerial Work
- -Crop dusting
- -banner towing
- -Bird chasing
- -Aerial Photography, surveying
- -Firefighting
- -Construction or Repair
- -Powerline Patrol
- Intentional Parachuting
- Flights within 22 NM
- -Nonstop
- Flights with in 22NM
- -No more than 2 passengers
- -Day VFR
- Notifies FSDO at least 72 hours before hand
- -FAA Approval
- -No more than 6 per year
- -No cargo in or on aircraft
- Emergency Mail service
Common Carriage
- Holding out
- For compensation or hiring
- Transporting Persons or Property
- From Place to place
Basic VFR Minimums
3152=3 miles,1000' Above,500' below,2000' Horizontal 5111= 5 miles,1000' Above,1000'below, 1SM Horizontal A: IFR ONLY B: 3 miles, Clear of Clouds C: 3152 D: 3152 E: 3152 E >10000' : 5111 G DAY <1200: 1/2 SM, Clear of Clouds G DAY >1200<10000: 1sm 152 G Night<1200: 1 Clear of Clouds G Night>1200<1000: 3152 G Above 10000: 5111
Class A Operating Rules
Dimensions
Who can enter
Required Equipment
Entry Requirements- 18000’ - 60000’
- IFR flight plan/ IFR Certified enter
- 2 way comms
- Mode-c Transponder
- Cleared to enter
Calls B Operating Rules
Dimensions
Who can enter
Required Equipment
Entry Requirements- Upside down Wedding cake up to 10k MSL
- -Tailored to Airport
- Student with specific class B endorsement
- 2 ways comms
- Mode-c Transponder
- -Also with in 30 NM (Mode-c Veil)
- Cleared to enter
Class C Operating Rules
Dimensions
Who can enter
Required Equipment
Entry Requirements- 2 layered
- -Inner Core up to 4000’ 5 NM
- -Outer Layer/shelf from 1200’ to 4000’, 10NM wide
- Student Pilot
- 2 way comms
- Mode-c Transponder
- 2 way communication established to enter
Class D Operating Rules
Dimensions
Who can enter
Required Equipment
Entry Requirements- Usually 4 NM wide up to 2500’
- -RDM is 5 NM
- Student pilot
- 2 way Comms
- 2 way communication established
Class E Operating Rules
Dimensions
Who can enter
Required Equipment
Entry Requirements- Dashed Magenta = Surface to 18000’
- Shaded Magenta = 700 to 18000’ ( 700’ inside and 1200 on the outside)
- Shaded Blue = 1200 to 18000’
- Airways 1200-18000
- Student Pilot
- No req. Equipment
- -Unless 10000’, then Mode-c
Class G Operating Rules
Dimensions
Who can enter
Required Equipment
Entry Requirements- Any where not covered by other airspace
- -ie. below shaded area of class E ( below 1200’)
- Student Pilot
- No equipment requirements
- No entry requirements
What does “2 way communication established” mean?
You heard your callsign in the response from the controller.
Special Use Airspace
WARMPCWANT Warning Area -No restrictions, Exercise Extreme cation -To warn non-Participating Aircraft Alert Area -High Volume of aircraft training Restricted Area -Requires Permission to enter when active -Invisible hazards MOA(Military operating area) -No requirements, Exercise Extreme Cation -To separate IFR traffic Prohibited -No Entry Controlled Firing Zone -Not depicted -Range work, the spotter will stop firing Wilderness Area -Blue line with dots on inside -Stay 2000' AGL or higher ADIZ -Off the Coast -Requires Flight plan to cross NSA(National security Area) -Increased Security of Ground structures TFR -To protect --Persons or property --public figures --disaster relief --Events --Space Operations
Warning Area
- No restrictions, Exercise Extreme cation
- To warn non-Participating Aircraft
Alert Area
-High Volume of aircraft training
Restricted Area
- Requires Permission to enter when active
- Invisible hazards
MOA(Military operating area)
- No requirements, Exercise Extreme Cation
- To separate IFR traffic
Prohibited Area
-No Entry
Controlled Firing Zone
- Not depicted
- Range work, the spotter will stop firing
Wilderness Area
- Blue line with dots on inside
- Stay 2000’ AGL or higher
ADIZ
- Off the Coast
- Requires Flight plan to cross
NSA(National security Area)
-Increased Security of Ground structures
TFR
- To protect
- -Persons or property
- -public figures
- -disaster relief
- -Events
- -Space Operations
Reasons you can enter a TFR (91.137)
- Participating
- Carrying Law Enforcement
- ATC Approval via IFR
- Flying directly to and from an airport
- -Impractical to fly above or around due to terrain or weather
- -CONTACT FSS or ATC
- Carrying Accredited New reporters
- -Flight plan filled with FAA or ATC
- -Above disaster relief
Atmospheric conditions affecting performance
High, Hot, Humid, Heavy
- High
- -High altitude, Less dense air for blades to use
- Hot
- -Same as High altitude
- -Higher DA
- Humid
- -More Water in air, less air
- Heavy
- -More pitch is pulled to generate enough lift
Retreating Blade Stall
Retreating blade stalls
Blade flaps down to increase angle of attack, accounting for dissymmetry of lift
Critical Angle of attack is reached, blade stalls
High gross weight and High DA reduces VNe
ONSET
-Vibrations
-Then nose up and left roll
FIX
-Reduce Collective
-Gradual aft cyclic to slow down
-Increase RPM
LTE (Loss of tail rotor effectivness)
Left Quarting Head Wind
-Main Rotor Blow into tail rotor, reducing effectiveness
Right Cross Wind
-Tail rotor vortex ring state
-Tail rotor vortices are blown back through
Tail wind ( Weather veining)
-Helicopter wants to face into wind
-High pedal workload
High DA
-A lot of pitch is pulled, main rotor take most of the power, not enough to keep same heading
What is Part 133
External load
–Fire fighting with bucket
But it says it is 119 exempt?
-You don’t need an air carrier cert, but you need to follow 133 rules
What is Part 135
Charter Operations
What is Part 137
Agricultural Operations
-Pesticides
What is Part 121
Air Transport
What is Part 119
Air Carrier Operations
Types of NOTAMS
D: General, taxiway closures, lights, etc.
FDC: Instrument Approaches
Military: MOA
International: Concerning at least 2 types of country
How much is HOGE reduced with Carb heat applied?
2000’
How much can you add to MCP and 5 Min power when you pull full carb heat?
1.5”
Safety Notice SN-25
Which Emergency Procedures Require you to enter an autorotation?
Engine Fire
Engine Failure
Loss of tail rotor
Maximum Glide Configuration
75 Knots
90% RPM
Minimum Descent
53 Knots
90% RPM
Loss of tail rotor thrust In forward flight
3 steps and Note
–Nose right yaw that can’t be corrected with left pedal
-Immediately enter Autorotation
-Maintain at least 70 Knots
-Select Landing sites, Roll throttle into detent, perform autorotation landing
NOTE: If there is no suitable landing vertical stabilizers will allow forward flight above 70 knots. Enter autorotation before reducing airspeed
Loss of tail rotor thrust in hover
- -Nose right yaw that cant be corrected from left pedal
- Immediately roll throttle into detent, allow aircraft settle
- Raise collective to cushion landing
Engine Fire During Start
7 Steps
- Continue to crank
- If it starts, let it run at 50-60% for a short time
- Mixture off
- Fuel valve off
- Battery off
- If time permits, apply rotor break
- Exit
Engine Fire in flight
7 steps, 2 variations
- Enter Autorotation
- Cabin heat, OFF
- Cabin Vent, Open
- -If engine is running:
- –Normal Landing
- –Mixture off
- –Fuel valve off
- -If engine stops
- –Fuel valve off
- -Complete autorotation
- Battery off
- If time permits, stop blades
- Exit
Electrical Fire in flight
-7 steps
- Battery and alternator switches. off
- Open Cabin vents
- Land immediately
- Fuel mixture, off
- Fuel Valve, off
- If time permits, stop rotor
- Exit
Tach Failure
- Use remaining, if it isn’t clear which is malfunctioning, allow governor to control RPMs
- Land as soon as practical
Governor Failure
- Grip throttle firmly to override Governor
- Switch governor off
- Complete flight with manual control
Oil Light
Loss of oil pressure
Check engine tach for power loss
If lost land immediatly
MR TEMP
Excessive heat
MR TR Chip
Metal particles in gear box
If accompanied by or signs, land immediately
other wise land as soon as practical
* In practice, just land immediately, with out a main rotor you die*
Low Fuel
1.5 Gallons left
10 Minutes
Clutch light
- If it stays on for more than 10 seconds
- Pull circuit break
- land as soon as practical
- If other signs of failure, land immediately
Alternator
Turn off nonessential electrical equipment
Switch alt off and back on after 1 second.
If light stay one, land as soon as practical
Which instruments stay on if mastery battery is off.
Tachometer and clock
Starter on
Pull mixture
Battery switch off
CO light on
Heater off
Open cabin vents
If symptoms felt, land immediately
Cyclic
Changes the pitch in the blades to allow control of direction. 90 degrees before where change needs to be made due to gyroscopic precession
Collective
Collectively changes the pitch. TO allow for up and down control
Pedals
Controls the pitch in the tail rotor to control nose direction
Trim
Releives pressure on cyclic through a set of pulleys
Power Plant
- O-360-J2A
- Derated to 145 hp
- 131 5 Min power
- 124 Max continuous power
- 4 Cylinder, horizontally opposed, air cooled naturally aspirated, carbed
- Cooled by squirrel cage
Main Rotor
- 25’2”
- 8 degrees of twist
- 11:47 Speed reduction = slows it down
- Semi-Rigid, underslung
- Allowed to flap and feather
Flapping
-Allowed to seesaw over the hub to account for dissymmetry of lift
Underslung
Keeps the center of pressure in roughly the same spot so when the blades flap up or down they are not closer or further from the hub, therefore they can counteract the Coriolis affect
Feathering
Allows each blade to change its pitch independatly
Tail Rotor
- 42” inches
- 0 degrees of twist
- 3:2 ratio = speeds it up
Skids
Cross Tube bends to absorb shock
Fuel
100LL or higher if not available
Oil
4 to 6 Quarts
Different types depending on area/temp
Electrical System
-14 Volt System
–To allow for charging of battery
-12 volt Battery
-Tach and Clock operate with battery off via bypass circuit
Circuit breakers inside cockpit
Pitot-Static powers what instruments and how?
- Airspeed
- -Pitot tube and static ports
- VSI
- -Static ports
- Altimeter
- -Static ports
Ram air blockage
Airspeed will read zero
Whole pitot tube blockage
Airspeed will freeze and act like an altimeter ( showing an increase in speed with a climb and vis-versa)
Static port Blockage
VSI will read zero as it has its own drain hole
Altimeter will freeze where it is at.
Vacuum systems
Powers the gyroscopic instruments
Attitude indicator, turn coordinator, HSI
Environmental Systems
- Heat
- -Air warmed by exhaust
- A/C
- -Open air vents…
Carburetor heat
- Use if between -4c and 30c and less than a 15 degree spread
- Reduces HOGE by 2000’
- Keep out of yellow
- Apply full if below 18” manifold pressure
- Warms air with exhaust
Avionics systems
We have a GPS in the R22
Hypoxia and its types
First Notice euphoria, then a headache, blurry vision, poor decision making Hypoxic Hypemic Histotoxic Stagnant
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Not enough oxygen available to the body in the air
-High altitude
Hypemic Hypoxia
The body is unable to absorb enough oxygen
-CO poisoning
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Enough oxygen in the body, but the body cant use it all
-Alcohol or drugs not allowing body to use all the oxygen
Stagnant Hypoxia
Oxygen is unable to get to parts of the body
- The blood isn’t flowing correctly
- Numb fingers from cold temperatures
