comm journey 2 Flashcards
What is the aim of social marketing?
improve health, prevent injuries, protect the environment, contribute to communities, and enhance financial well being. Concerned with making the world a better place.
What 5 things does social marketing aim to do?
Health
Injury Prevention
Environment
Community
Financial
Social Marketing Behavioral Focus
Accept a new behavior
Reject a potentially undesirable behavior
Modify a current behavior
Abandon an old undesirable behavior
Value Exchange
the perceived benefits of performing a behavior
Sustainability
Results from continuous montioring and subsequent changes to improve program
4 Ps of Marketing
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
Steps to campaign success
Define situation. Benefits and barriers
Analyze and segment audience
Establish goals
Select dissemination strategy
Design messages
Pilot messages w/ priority messages
Implement campaign
Evaluate campaign
Why campaigns fail
Unrealistic expectations
Poor evaluation techniques
Lack of theory
Inadequate exposure
Cultivation theory
Media exposure shapes perceptions over a long period of time and is a stable part of lifestyle.
Iceberg analogy
Argues that heavy media exposure creates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world.
Media exposure and cultivation theory
According to Shrum’s study, Media Exposure may not change attitudes but makes them stronger.
Priming theory
When people witness, read, or hear of an event via the mass media, ideas having a similar meaning are activated, and that these thoughts in turn can activate other semantically, related ideas and action tendencies.
Jo and Berkowitz (1994) predict for a short period of time after a violent stimuli, a viewer will be inclined to…
Hostile thoughts
Justify aggressive acts
Be inclined to behave aggressively
Agenda Setting Hypothesis
The agenda-setting hypothesis asserts that attention given to issues by the media influences the public’s perceptions of the importance of issues. News Media sets the agenda, tells us what to think about.
Framing
Suggests that media not only sets agenda but selects, emphasizes, excludes and elaborates on particular elements of the news story.
Tells us what to think and how to think.
Entertainment Education
Prosocial messages embedded in popular entertainment media content
Narrative involvement/Transportation
A “convergent process, where all mental systems and capacities become focused on events occurring in the narrative.”
Identification
The emotional and cognitive process by which a viewer takes on the role of a character in a narrative.
Wishful Identification
Occurs when a viewer wants to be like a character.
Similarity
Can refer to common beliefs, values, demographic variables, physical attributes shared between viewer and character.
Parasocial interaction
Face to face relationship between spectator and celebrity.
Liking
A positive evaluation of the character
Social Categorization theory
We categorize ourselves based on intrinsic and arbitrary attributes.
Stereotypes
Cognitives structures in which a group is associated with particular characteristics
Prejudice
Endorsement of stereotype
no
no
Discrimination
Behavioral outcome related to prejudice
The role of media
Media often presents an inaccurate view of reality.
Non-recognition
the social group is rarely portrayed in the media
Ridicule
Portrayals highlight differences and stereotypes.
Regulation
Individuals from social group are put in roles that uphold social norms.
Respect
Full implementation and diversity of portrayals.
Dixon & Linz (2000)
- Portrayal of Black, Latina/o, and White individuals during news broadcast.
- Found white people overrepresented as police, Black people overrepresented as criminals, LatinX people under represented as both officers and criminals.
Dixon (2017)
- Repeated portrayal of minorities on news broadcast, but added victimization.
- Found white people overrepresented as officers and victims
- Black people neither overrepresented nor underrepresented as officers, victims, and criminals
- LatinX underrepresented as officers and victims. Perpetrators of crimes on Black people.
Ahmed & Matthes (2016)
- Analysis of Muslims and islam
- Found Muslims are negatively framed and Israel is portrayed as a violent religion. Post 9/11 portrayed as terrorists.
Mastro & Behm-Morawitz (2005)
- LatinX representation during primetime TV
- Found Whites make up majority of characters, LatinX were stereotyped.
Quick et al. (2016)
- Determine media portrayals of MLB players accused of using steroids.
- Bonds received greater scrutiny for use of steroids and least likable and similar. Fans supported Bonds hall of fame induction most.
Types of nonverbal communication
- Kinesics: human body motion
- Paralinguistics: how words are spoken
- Proxemics: how space and distance communicate meaning
- Haptics: how humans communicate via touch
- physical appearance
- chronemics: how time communicates meaning
Relation of nonverbal and verbal behavior
Repeat: you say something and your nonverbal comm repeats it
Contradict: you say something but your nonverbal doesn’t match
Complement: what you’re doing is helping your message make sense.
Substitute: substituting nonverbal for verbal
Accent/modify: emphasizing a certain word to change the meaning.
myths about nonverbal comm
- nonverbal comm has a single meaning
- lying can always be detected by nonverbal comm
are we bad liars?
yes
are easier to detect n relationships?
yes
what liars do
shift posture
