CMN Exam 3 Study Deck Flashcards
Social Penetration Theory
Our personalities are like layers of an onion. Surface level information outside. Private information inside. As we reveal ourselves to another person, we can become closer.
General Observation 1 of Social Penetration Theory and Vanlear Study Findings
- Peripheral items are shared more frequently and sooner than private information. (Vanlear: in relationships, we share public items, then semi-private details, reveal nothing, then intimate confidence).
General Observation 2 of Social Penetration Theory
- Self-disclosure is reciprocal. (The more someone shares, the more likely you are to share).
General Observation 3 of Social Penetration Theory
Penetration is quick at the start but slows down quickly as private information is shared. (Goals, religious convictions, political convictions, emotions, confidence and insecurities).
General Observation 4 of Social Penetration Theory
Depenetration is a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal.
Social Exchange Theory
We weigh the costs and benefits of disclosure against the costs of disclosure.
Comparison Levels (CL)
Relationship satisfaction compared to previous relationships.
Comparison levels of alternatives (CLalt)
Relationship satisfaction with satisfaction compared to prospectives. If yes, then depenetration process begins.
What is the role of environment in disclosure?
More likely to share private information in a comfortable environment.
Expectancy Violation Theory
Assumes individuals maintain expectations for behavior within a situation.
What is a Violation according to Expectation Violation Theory?
Refers to a breach in expectations (can have negative or positive valence).
What is Reward Valence according to Expectation Violation Theory?
How you feel about that person. (Positively or negatively).
Relational Turbulence Model Theory
Focuses on the moments of change in a relationship and the resulting communicative, cognitive, emotional and behavioral outcomes of that change.
What is a Transition according to the Relational Turbulence Model theory?
A factor or force that causes change in a relationship.
What is Turbulence according to the Relational Turbulence Model theory?
The conflict (tumultuous experiences that result from a transition)
What is the airplane analogy according to the Relational Turbulence Model theory?
Airplanes are like relationships, because plane rides are mostly smooth, but sometimes there is also turbulence (conflicts).
What are the 3 types of Relational Uncertainty according to the Relational Turbulence Model theory?
- Self-uncertainty
- Relationship uncertainty
- Partner uncertainty.
What is Self Uncertainty according to the Relational Turbulence Model theory?
Whether you want the relationship to last, how important the relationship is to you, how much you are interested in your partner.
What is Relationship Uncertainty according to the Relational Turbulence Model theory?
Whether the relationship is romantic, moving in the right direction, speed, etc.
What is Partner Uncertainty according to the Relational Turbulence Model theory?
Whether your partner is ready to commit, whether your partner wants to be with you, etc.
Appraisals (Outcomes)
Thoughts, emotions, communication or behavior.
Small Group Size
3-12 people
Advantages of a small group
More information, stimulates creativity, remember more, greater satisfaction, better understanding of self.
Disadvantages of a small group.
Pressure to conform, dominate teammates, dependent on teammates, takes more time.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological Needs
- Safety
- Love & Belonging
- Esteem
- Self-Actualization
Case Study: Jim Jones and the People’s Temple
Moved the group to a jungle, convinced everyone to drink poisonous Kool-Aid. Provided needs for a group of people looking for love and belonging.
Factors that influence group selection in group formation
Activities, Goals, Esteem, Network Opportunities
Tuckman’s Approach in group formation
Forming: the group is formed, members don’t know each other.
Storming: Individuals are competing for the desirable roles.
Norming: Individuals accept their roles.
Performing: Group performs the final project.
Cragen and Hall’s 5 Central Roles in group formation
Task leader: Makes sure everyone knows their role, doing their job.
Social-Emotional Leader: Encourager, supporter, knows mood of the group
Information Provider: Understands the problem at hand, expert.
Tension Releaser: Lightens up the mood.
Central Negative: Finds fault in every suggestion. The critic. Each person should take turns being.
What are the 3 leadership styles?
Authoritarian: possesses behavioral and intellectual superiority over the rest of the group. Chooses for the team.
Democratic: Knows more than the group, but they get feedback from the group before deciding.
Laissez-faire: the leader sees himself at the same level as the rest of the group. Everyone equally weighs in. The leader doesn’t make the decision, the group does.
What is groupthink?
Conformity. Critical thinking is not encouraged, group can do no wrong, etc.
How can group think be avoided?
Leader encourages critical thinking, leader sensitive to status differences, assign central negative.
What are the decision making strategies in groups?
Experts: Like authoritarian leadership
Individual rankings: Everyone ranks potential solutions.
Random choice: Just flip a coin and choose a solution
Majority vote: The majority chooses the decision.
Decision by minority: The minority vote chooses the decision.
Consensus: Don’t make a decision until everyone agrees.
What are the 5 steps to make a decision?
- Identify and Define Problem:
(Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?) - Analyze Problem:
use the Fish Bone diagram for this, which shows the causes, contributors to cause and the effects. - Generate Several Solutions:
Use the Nominal Group Technique, where you write down ideas for solutions, identify and discuss solutions, rank the solutions and discuss results. - Select Solution
Use T-Chart for this. - Test and Implement a Solution
Use Action Chart to lay out the plan and strategy to implement a solution.
Conflict
Disagreement
What are the myths about conflict?
- All conflict should always be avoided
- All conflict is due to misunderstanding
- All conflict is resolvable
What are the 3 types of conflict?
Pseudo Conflict: fake conflict.
Simple Conflict: a disagreement on a topic.
Ego Conflict: ego driven disagreement.
(Just have to agree to disagree).
Case Study: Challenger Disaster
Christa McAuliffe, Teacher in Space Project
It was too cold for the space shuttle to safely launch. Despite the engineers saying it would be unsafe to launch, it was launched anyways.
Organization
A relatively large group of people coordinating their activities for some purpose.
What are the three perspectives of organization?
Organizational Features Perspective: How features of organizations affect communication processes.
Network Perspective: A visual depiction of relationships, based on communication, that affect organizing.
Discursive Perspective: How communication makes organizations and organizing possible.
What are the Network Roles in the Network Perspective?
Links: connections
Cliques: a tight cluster of nodes.
Liaison: connects to 2+ cliques but doesn’t belong to any.
Isolate: has few or no links
Bridge/Broker: member of 1 clique with links to others.
What is a vertical spread?
Levels in the organization’s hierarchy. Involves upward communication (subordinate to superior) and Downward communication (superior to subordinate).
What is the mum effect?
When the subordinate is afraid of complaining to the superior in upward communication.
What is horizontal spread?
Parts of the organization differentiated by specialized responsibilities.
What is geographic spread?
The physical distance between paths of the organization (internal and external).
What is the key point and functions of communication in the discursive perspective?
Key point: Organizations are communicative constructions because communication is the very foundation upon which organizational life is built.
- Organizing (and disorganizing): Organizations emerge and diminish through communication
- Communication Creating Structure: Communication creates behavioral structures.
Health Communication
the way we seek, process and share health information.
What is the difference between the Biomedical Model vs the Biopsychosocial Perspective?
Biomedical Model: when you treat the patient like how a mechanic treats a car. Heavy on running tests to see what’s wrong w/ patient
Biopsychosocial Perspective: Knowing other things about the patient from talking to them, not just tests.
What is the patient role?
- State expectations
- Ask questions
- Acknowledge reservations
- Be assertive and succinct
What are the 3 models of decision making?
- Paternalistic model: when patient is told what to do by the provider
- Informed model: Provider gives you all your options
- Shared model: Patient and provider work together as a team
What are the 4 contexts of influence in the Ecological Model of Medical Encounters?
- Media Context: the internet’s portrayal of health care
- Organizational context: how often you see providers because of your insurance
- Political-legal context: notion of lawsuits
- Cultural context: how different race, religion, age, political can create mistrust of healthcare
Case Study: Tuskegee Syphilis Trials
Black males were treated for free physical examinations and treatment for minor ailments. Told they had bad blood, so they were eager to participate. However they did not receive treatment for Syphilis.
What is social support?
people helping people
What are the outcomes of social support?
- Physical health
- Psychological health
- Emotional health
What are the 3 types of social support?
- Informational: advice, knowledge or info
- Instrumental: goods and services
- Emotional: care, concern, empathy and sympathy
What are the 2 social support hypotheses?
Buffering hypothesis: suggests any support is good support
Matching Hypothesis: suggests that the right support is good support.
Why study communication in families?
Socialization, Meaningful, Unique Context
What are the 4 possible defining characteristics of families?
- Blood
- Legal connections
- Nurturing newborns
- Past history, Present & Future
What is the family systems theory?
A “Lens” for understandng family interaction and outcomes. Influenced by General Systems theory, developments in biological and physical sciences.
What are the key concepts of Family Systems Theory?
- Interdependence: Family members are so interrelated they depend on each other for functioning.
- Wholeness: A family system is different from the sum of its parts. The parts, or family members are understood in the context of that whole.
- Boundaries: Are whatever separates people from others.
What is the difference between external and internal boundaries?
External: You don’t speak about it outside of the family
Internal: A boundary within your family
What are the types of family secrets?
- Secrets held by the entire family from outsiders called whole family secrets
- Secrets concealed by some family members from other members
- Secrets kept by individuals from the family
What is calibration?
the function of maintaining stability in a family
What is circular causality?
suggests different people in a family trigger reaction in others simultaneously or sequentially.
Parenting styles
Authoritarian: unresponsive and demanding
Permissive: responsive and understanding
Authoritative: responsive and demanding
Neglectful: Unresponsive and undemanding
Love languages
Gifts
Service
Physical touch
Affirmation
Quality Time
