comm-25 final review

Question 1

What is argumentation?

Answer 1

essential in a democratic society and democratic political systems where citizens make decisions on complex issues

Question 2

Argumentation

Answer 2

the reasoning aspect

Question 3

Persuasion

Answer 3

the passionate or emotional aspect

Question 4

What are ethics?

Answer 4

Morally-based rules (A set of values focused on motives)

Question 5

Elm model

Answer 5

Looking at different perspectives on communication

Question 6

Peripheral

Answer 6

based on cues

Question 7

Central route

Answer 7

based on understanding and building a connection

Question 8

what did Aristotle contribute

Answer 8

defined rhetoric and created modes
of proof

Question 9

Ethos

Answer 9

ethical appeal,

Question 10

Pathos

Answer 10

emotional appeal

Question 11

Logos

Answer 11

logic or reasoning

Question 12

burden of proof

Answer 12

which side in a debate must prove the established view is wrong

Question 13

Inherency

Answer 13

a barrier that keeps harm from being solved in the status quo

Question 14

proposition

Answer 14

identifies the topic and argument

Question 15

Factual propositions

Answer 15

usually argued on the basis of
trends.

Question 16

Value propositions

Answer 16

look at artifacts that reflect
society’s values (the American Flag).

Question 17

Policy propositions

Answer 17

look at existing propositions and those of the past created satisfaction or dissatisfaction to identify where a change is needed.

Question 18

Singular propositions

Answer 18

looks at one topic

Question 19

Comparative propositions

Answer 19

compares two topics.

Question 20

Value object

Answer 20

the topic being evaluated

Question 21

Value Judgment

Answer 21

the evaluation made

Question 22

define terms and add clarity

Answer 22

the typical way a term is used, a qualified authority, the operation of a term, negation, compare and contrast, derivation.

Question 23

Stock Issues

Answer 23

the answers the affirmative must answer for a given proposition and the negative must poke holes in.

Question 24

Primary inference

Answer 24

the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in definitions of key terms.

Question 25

immediate cause

Answer 25

often created by a tragic event that occurs, but there is a need for facts and evidence (proposition of fact)

Question 26

historical background

Answer 26

discovered by researching the history, consequences, or traditions.

Question 27

Toulmin method

Answer 27

breaks arguments down into six component parts: claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing

Question 28

primary triads

Answer 28

a major third interval comes before a minor third interval

Question 29

secondary triads

Answer 29

a minor third interval comes before a major third interval

Question 30

Claim

Answer 30

A conclusion not sufficient alone, but
requires proof and reasoning before the
audience will accept it.

Question 31

FACTUAL CLAIM

Answer 31

Argue what is or will be. Focus on things that can be verified.

Question 32

DEFINITIONAL CLAIM

Answer 32

used to provide clear definitions
and specific insight about a topic or how
it should be categorized.

Question 33

VALUE CLAIM

Answer 33

Shows the arguers evaluation or
judgment; Shares the opinion or attitude of arguer about a given topic.

Question 34

POLICY CLAIM

Answer 34

States that an action should be taken
or behavior changed.

Question 35

fallacy

Answer 35

is an error in reasoning

Question 36

Hasty Generalization

Answer 36

lacking sufficient examples or reasons
before jumping to a conclusion about something.

Question 37

Irrelevant Arguments

Answer 37

Known as “non sequiturs”; it is adding in
information that is not relevant to
the argument.

Question 38

Ad Hominem Argument

Answer 38

Attacking the person and shifts the
attention from the issue to the
person presenting the argument

Question 39

Straw Man Fallacy

Answer 39

An arguer puts forth a similar, but
more easily rejected point to the
opponent and then attacks it.

Question 40

loaded question

Answer 40

Leads to a conclusion with no
positive outcome

Question 41

Appeal to authority

Answer 41

An argument that looks to an
expert that may not be an expert
in that particular field.

Question 42

Ad populum

Answer 42

Appeal to the people-also known
as bandwagon.

Question 43

Ambiguity and equivocation

Answer 43

a word has more than one
meaning and can lead to
misunderstanding.

Question 44

Prima facie

Answer 44

describe the nature of something at first observation