comm-25 final review Flashcards
What is argumentation?
essential in a democratic society and democratic political systems where citizens make decisions on complex issues
Argumentation
the reasoning aspect
Persuasion
the passionate or emotional aspect
What are ethics?
Morally-based rules (A set of values focused on motives)
Elm model
Looking at different perspectives on communication
Peripheral
based on cues
Central route
based on understanding and building a connection
what did Aristotle contribute
defined rhetoric and created modes
of proof
Ethos
ethical appeal,
Pathos
emotional appeal
Logos
logic or reasoning
burden of proof
which side in a debate must prove the established view is wrong
Inherency
a barrier that keeps harm from being solved in the status quo
proposition
identifies the topic and argument
Factual propositions
usually argued on the basis of
trends.
Value propositions
look at artifacts that reflect
society’s values (the American Flag).
Policy propositions
look at existing propositions and those of the past created satisfaction or dissatisfaction to identify where a change is needed.
Singular propositions
looks at one topic
Comparative propositions
compares two topics.
Value object
the topic being evaluated
Value Judgment
the evaluation made
define terms and add clarity
the typical way a term is used, a qualified authority, the operation of a term, negation, compare and contrast, derivation.
Stock Issues
the answers the affirmative must answer for a given proposition and the negative must poke holes in.
Primary inference
the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in definitions of key terms.
immediate cause
often created by a tragic event that occurs, but there is a need for facts and evidence (proposition of fact)
historical background
discovered by researching the history, consequences, or traditions.
Toulmin method
breaks arguments down into six component parts: claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing
primary triads
a major third interval comes before a minor third interval
secondary triads
a minor third interval comes before a major third interval
Claim
A conclusion not sufficient alone, but
requires proof and reasoning before the
audience will accept it.
FACTUAL CLAIM
Argue what is or will be. Focus on things that can be verified.
DEFINITIONAL CLAIM
used to provide clear definitions
and specific insight about a topic or how
it should be categorized.
VALUE CLAIM
Shows the arguers evaluation or
judgment; Shares the opinion or attitude of arguer about a given topic.
POLICY CLAIM
States that an action should be taken
or behavior changed.
fallacy
is an error in reasoning
Hasty Generalization
lacking sufficient examples or reasons
before jumping to a conclusion about something.
Irrelevant Arguments
Known as “non sequiturs”; it is adding in
information that is not relevant to
the argument.
Ad Hominem Argument
Attacking the person and shifts the
attention from the issue to the
person presenting the argument
Straw Man Fallacy
An arguer puts forth a similar, but
more easily rejected point to the
opponent and then attacks it.
loaded question
Leads to a conclusion with no
positive outcome
Appeal to authority
An argument that looks to an
expert that may not be an expert
in that particular field.
Ad populum
Appeal to the people-also known
as bandwagon.
Ambiguity and equivocation
a word has more than one
meaning and can lead to
misunderstanding.
Prima facie
describe the nature of something at first observation
