Coming to America Test 2 Flashcards
Bering Land Bridge
35,000-11,000 Years ago
https://i.imgur.com/Sn2BADO.png
When was there an ice-free corridor?
12,600 BP
https://i.imgur.com/W8aJoMU.png
How old are the oldest sites in Siberia?
- 3-40,000 BP
https: //i.imgur.com/bSU3JE6.png (These sites are all over Russia)
https: //i.imgur.com/NC6tT0z.png
Earliest settlement of the New World: Summary
Earliest human settlement When and Where?
Archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest human settlement of eastern Siberia dates to about 40,000 years ago. In other words, people were in western Beringia by about that time.
Earliest settlement of the New World: Summary
Asian Natives Separated When?
Based on rates of change in mtDNA, northeast Asian natives and the population that became Native Americans appear to have separated sometime between 25,000 and 20,000 years ago. This suggests that the inhabitants of western Beringia moved into eastern Beringia—most of which is now underwater, but this includes interior Alaska and the Canadian Yukon—by about 20,000 years ago.
Earliest settlement of the New World: Summary
(Migration Route When? Where?)
(Initial Migration Route when? where?)
As glaciers waxed and waned at the end of the
Pleistocene, a possible migration route along the
Pacific coast of North American became available
south of Beringia by about 15,000 years ago.
Archaeological evidence far to the south of Beringia, in
Monte Verde, Chile, supports an initial migration along the coast route soon after 18,500 years ago
Costal Connection + Lost Lands
https://i.imgur.com/M6x6z2y.png
DNA
Analysis of modern populations
Analysis of the Y chromosomes of modern northeast Asians and Indigenous Americans suggests a separation date at about the same time: sometime between 22,500 and 20,000 years ago.
Variability within Indigenous American mtDNA suggests a dispersal through North and South America, south of Beringia, sometime around 16,000 years ago.
North and Central American skeletal remains. (Important ones)
Genetic analysis of the oldest human remains in North and Central America show a clear affinity between them and the native people of northeast Asia. Those North and Central American skeletal remains include:
■ Sunrise Child-girl (11,000 BP) ancient Berengian
■ Anzick (12,500 B.P.) ancient North American
■ Kennewick (8,500 B.P.) ancient North American
■ Hoyo Negro (12,000 B.P.) ancient South American
Xach’itee’aanenh T’eede Gaay
Sunrise Child-girl
https://i.imgur.com/H9z4y9U.png
How did ancestors split? East or West
https://i.imgur.com/hdXYqiK.png
Geographic and 14 C dating overview, and examples of artefacts from the site.
https://i.imgur.com/VsBLIyG.png
Genetic affinity of Anzick-1.
https://i.imgur.com/ZCJTpYP.png
Kennewick Man
9,300 year old skeleton discovered recently on Columbia River
– man killed by arrow
– physically different from modern indigenous populations
– debate over race and who got here first (former)
Hoyo Negro
https://i.imgur.com/bV8udzE.png
Beringian Sites (PRE CLOVIS, BEFORE 13,000 BP)
Dyuktai Cave, Berelekh Site, Ushki 1. When?
Dyuktai Cave – 35,000-10,000 BP
Berelekh site – 13,000 BP
Ushki 1 – 13,980 BP
Bifacial tools and blades, wedge-shaped cores, microblades, burins, and worked bone and ivory.
Alaskan sites (PRE-CLOVIS)
Nenana complex, Denali Complex, When?
Nenana complex
– Blades and biface 12,000-11,000 BP
Denali complex
– Wedge shaped cores, microblades, burins 10,600 BP
North American Sites (PRE-CLOVIS)
meadowcroft Rockshelter PA, Cactus Hill VA, Wilson Butte Cave Idaho, Paisley Caves Oregon. When?
meadowcroft Rockshelter PA - 16-19.5 KYA (kya = Thousand Years Ago)
Cacuts Hill - 17 KYA
Wilson Butte Cave - 14.5 KYA
Paisley Caves - 14 KYA
Monte Verde, Chile (PRE-CLOVIS)
When, what can be found
One area of site dates to 13,000 BP
Preserved by development of peat-bog
Houses
Wood, bone, skin, meat, botanicals
Ambiguous lower level of three possible cultural
features and some stone tool fragments dated to
33,000 BP
Affiliation unclear, but more recent research
suggests early dates compelling
Arlington Springs Woman, Santa Rosa
Island, California (PRE-CLOVIS)
(Evidence for what, when)
Evidence that early migrations took place by sea
Dates to 13,000 BP
Block of earth from a site on Santa Rosa Island, in storage at Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History since 1960
Bones sealed within the sediments were older than the
investigators suspected
Buttermilk Creek Complex, Texas 16,000 BP (PRE-CLOVIS)
Gault site
Debra L. Friedkin site
(refers to the types of rocks? found)
Paleocoastal tools 12,000-11,000 BP (PRE-CLOVIS)
Found where?
Chert projectile points found on San Miguel island are typical of Paleocoastal tools found in the Channel Islands
What was their culture? (Paleocoastal)
Small populations
Probably very mobile
Hunters and gatherers
– sometimes megafauna
– more often medium and small mammals, birds and fish
Stone, bone and wood tool industry that was different from later cultures
CLOVIS (13,000 BP)
Clovis People with their fluted projectile points rapidly
spread out across America following game.
The “fluted” projectile points of the Clovis and
Folsom varieties represent elements of the
stone tool kits of not the first, but the first
widespread cultures in the New World.
■ Small populations
■ Probably very mobile
■ Hunters and gatherers
– Very characteristic fluted points, often associated with hunting megafauna
– Frequently hunted medium and small mammals, birds and fish
– Highly dependent on gathering locally available plants
■ Elaborate caching practices
