Coming to America Test 2

Question 1

Bering Land Bridge

Answer 1

35,000-11,000 Years ago

https://i.imgur.com/Sn2BADO.png

Question 2

When was there an ice-free corridor?

Answer 2

12,600 BP

https://i.imgur.com/W8aJoMU.png

Question 3

How old are the oldest sites in Siberia?

Answer 3

11. 3-40,000 BP
    https: //i.imgur.com/bSU3JE6.png (These sites are all over Russia)
    https: //i.imgur.com/NC6tT0z.png

Question 4

Earliest settlement of the New World: Summary

Earliest human settlement When and Where?

Answer 4

Archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest human settlement of eastern Siberia dates to about 40,000 years ago. In other words, people were in western Beringia by about that time.

Question 5

Earliest settlement of the New World: Summary

Asian Natives Separated When?

Answer 5

Based on rates of change in mtDNA, northeast Asian natives and the population that became Native Americans appear to have separated sometime between 25,000 and 20,000 years ago. This suggests that the inhabitants of western Beringia moved into eastern Beringia—most of which is now underwater, but this includes interior Alaska and the Canadian Yukon—by about 20,000 years ago.

Question 6

Earliest settlement of the New World: Summary

(Migration Route When? Where?)

(Initial Migration Route when? where?)

Answer 6

As glaciers waxed and waned at the end of the
Pleistocene, a possible migration route along the
Pacific coast of North American became available
south of Beringia by about 15,000 years ago.

Archaeological evidence far to the south of Beringia, in
Monte Verde, Chile, supports an initial migration along the coast route soon after 18,500 years ago

Question 7

Costal Connection + Lost Lands

Answer 7

https://i.imgur.com/M6x6z2y.png

Question 8

DNA

Analysis of modern populations

Answer 8

Analysis of the Y chromosomes of modern northeast Asians and Indigenous Americans suggests a separation date at about the same time: sometime between 22,500 and 20,000 years ago.

Variability within Indigenous American mtDNA suggests a dispersal through North and South America, south of Beringia, sometime around 16,000 years ago.

Question 9

North and Central American skeletal remains. (Important ones)

Answer 9

Genetic analysis of the oldest human remains in North and Central America show a clear affinity between them and the native people of northeast Asia. Those North and Central American skeletal remains include:

■ Sunrise Child-girl (11,000 BP) ancient Berengian

■ Anzick (12,500 B.P.) ancient North American

■ Kennewick (8,500 B.P.) ancient North American

■ Hoyo Negro (12,000 B.P.) ancient South American

Question 10

Xach’itee’aanenh T’eede Gaay

Sunrise Child-girl

Answer 10

https://i.imgur.com/H9z4y9U.png

Question 11

How did ancestors split? East or West

Answer 11

https://i.imgur.com/hdXYqiK.png

Question 12

Geographic and 14 C dating overview, and examples of artefacts from the site.

Answer 12

https://i.imgur.com/VsBLIyG.png

Question 13

Genetic affinity of Anzick-1.

Answer 13

https://i.imgur.com/ZCJTpYP.png

Question 14

Kennewick Man

Answer 14

9,300 year old skeleton discovered recently on Columbia River
– man killed by arrow
– physically different from modern indigenous populations
– debate over race and who got here first (former)

Question 15

Hoyo Negro

Answer 15

https://i.imgur.com/bV8udzE.png

Question 16

Beringian Sites (PRE CLOVIS, BEFORE 13,000 BP)

Dyuktai Cave, Berelekh Site, Ushki 1. When?

Answer 16

Dyuktai Cave – 35,000-10,000 BP

Berelekh site – 13,000 BP

Ushki 1 – 13,980 BP

Bifacial tools and blades, wedge-shaped cores, microblades, burins, and worked bone and ivory.

Question 17

Alaskan sites (PRE-CLOVIS)

Nenana complex, Denali Complex, When?

Answer 17

Nenana complex
– Blades and biface 12,000-11,000 BP

Denali complex
– Wedge shaped cores, microblades, burins 10,600 BP

Question 18

North American Sites (PRE-CLOVIS)

meadowcroft Rockshelter PA, Cactus Hill VA, Wilson Butte Cave Idaho, Paisley Caves Oregon. When?

Answer 18

meadowcroft Rockshelter PA - 16-19.5 KYA (kya = Thousand Years Ago)

Cacuts Hill - 17 KYA

Wilson Butte Cave - 14.5 KYA

Paisley Caves - 14 KYA

Question 19

Monte Verde, Chile (PRE-CLOVIS)

When, what can be found

Answer 19

One area of site dates to 13,000 BP

Preserved by development of peat-bog

Houses

Wood, bone, skin, meat, botanicals

Ambiguous lower level of three possible cultural
features and some stone tool fragments dated to
33,000 BP

Affiliation unclear, but more recent research
suggests early dates compelling

Question 20

Arlington Springs Woman, Santa Rosa
Island, California (PRE-CLOVIS)

(Evidence for what, when)

Answer 20

Evidence that early migrations took place by sea

Dates to 13,000 BP

Block of earth from a site on Santa Rosa Island, in storage at Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History since 1960

Bones sealed within the sediments were older than the
investigators suspected

Question 21

Buttermilk Creek Complex, Texas 16,000 BP (PRE-CLOVIS)

Answer 21

Gault site

Debra L. Friedkin site

(refers to the types of rocks? found)

Question 22

Paleocoastal tools 12,000-11,000 BP (PRE-CLOVIS)

Found where?

Answer 22

Chert projectile points found on San Miguel island are typical of Paleocoastal tools found in the Channel Islands

Question 23

What was their culture? (Paleocoastal)

Answer 23

Small populations

Probably very mobile

Hunters and gatherers
– sometimes megafauna
– more often medium and small mammals, birds and fish

Stone, bone and wood tool industry that was different from later cultures

Question 24

CLOVIS (13,000 BP)

Answer 24

Clovis People with their fluted projectile points rapidly
spread out across America following game.

The “fluted” projectile points of the Clovis and
Folsom varieties represent elements of the
stone tool kits of not the first, but the first
widespread cultures in the New World.

■ Small populations

■ Probably very mobile

■ Hunters and gatherers
– Very characteristic fluted points, often associated with hunting megafauna
– Frequently hunted medium and small mammals, birds and fish
– Highly dependent on gathering locally available plants
■ Elaborate caching practices