Coming of the Europeans pt.1 Flashcards
What were the reasons for Columbus’ voyages?
to recover spices and to convert Asian people to Christianity
Reasons for European interest in the New World?
Desire to find a route to China, India and the East Indies
Increasingly difficult land routes
Desire to spread Christianity
Developments in navigation
Improvements in ship building
The Renaissance
Mercantilism
Glory
Breakdown in the system of vassalage
The emergence of a new class of merchants and traders
Where and when was Columbus born?
Genoa, Italy in 1451
In what year did Columbus die?
1506
Columbus was the eldest of ______ children by his parents _______ & ________________
five
Domenico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa
Columbus survived a French attack in 1476 and stayed with his brother ____________ in ___________
Bartholomew, Lisbon
in what year did Columbus convince Kind Ferdinand and Queen Isabelle
1492
How many voyages did Columbus make to the New World?
4`
Name the three ships that were given to Columbus
The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria
When was Columbus’s first voyage and where did he go?
1492-93
San Salvador, northeast coast of Cuba, the northern coast of Hispaniola and other parts of the Bahamas
When was Columbus’s second voyage and where did he go?
1493-96
Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Redonda, The Virgin Islands, St. Croix, Antigua, Nevis, St. Martin, Tortola, Greater Antilles, Jamaica and Puerto Rico
When was Columbus’s third voyage and where did he go?
1498-1500
Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, La Isla de Margarita
When was Columbus’s fourth voyage and where did he go?
1502-04
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama
Name of Comlubus’s eldest son?
Diego
What was the original Amerindian name for the island Dominica and what does it mean?
Wai’tukubuli Tall is her body
What was the original Amerindian name for the island Guadeloupe and what does it mean?
Karukera - Beautiful water
What was the original Amerindian name for the island Jamaica and what does it mean?
Hamaica - Land of wood and water
What was the original Amerindian name for the island Trinidad and what does it mean?
Iere - Land of the Humming Bird
Who is a conquistador?
a spanish soldier
Impact of the New World on Europe?
the discovery of vast landmass supposedly filled with riches for the taking caused great interest in Europe. Every European saw the New World as a place where they could make their fortunes. They thought that the acquisition of gold and silver would mean wealth and power for themselves and their nations.
In the time of Columbus, which were the teo most seafaring nations?
Portugal and Spain
The Nina, Pinta and Santa maria left the harbour of_______?
Palos de la Frontera
What are Papal Bulls
decrees issued by the Roman Catholic Pope on property matters
What was the main reason as to why Spain and Portugal were in disputes?
Because different Popes or sometimes the same Pope of the Roman Catholic church favored Portugal at one time then Spain the next
Pope Nicholas V, in the mid 15th century issued a Papal Bull known as ________________________ which praised the King of Portugal and authorized him to convert all the pagans between Morocco and India.
Charter of Portuguese Imperialism
Which spaniard was installed as a Pope taking the position from Nicholas V and giving Spain ownership of new land discovered by Spanish explorers
Pope Alexander VI
How did papal bulls affect Spain and Portugal
They gave Portugal a trading monopoly in all territories between Africa and the Indies
They awarded Spain possession of all lands discovered by Spanish explorers
What is the Treat of Tordesillas?
it was an agreement intended to resolve a dispute between Portugal and Spain caused by The Papal Bulls. The Treaty defined which parts of the world each could conquer
Who is a privateer?
a private individual who owned and officered an armed ship commissioned by the government and authorized for use in war, especially in the capture of enemy merchant shipping vessels.
The war between Spain and France ended with ____________ in 1559
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Why was Francis Drake one of the most successful English pirates?
In 1572, Drake raided a land convoy of mules loaded with Peruvian silver and every sailor went home a rich man.
Between 1585 and 1586 Drake stole more than 300000 pounds in booty from Spanish ships and towns.
His last trip between 1595 and 1596 failed. With a fleet of 27 ships he tried to attack San Juan, Puerto Rico and was forced to retreat losing 12 of his ships. he eventually died from dysentery and his fleet returned to England with no profits.
Another name for british pirates
buccaneers
Why was Henry Morgan a famous pirate?
He became commander of buccaneers in 1668.
Morgan captured the town Puerto Principe in Cuba and sacked the city of Portobelo on the isthmus of Panama.
In his last raid of August 1670, with 36 ships and nearly 2,000 buccaneers he set out to capture Panama, defeating a large Spanish force in 1671. The city burned to the ground while his men looted it and on the return journey Morgan deserted his men and disappeared with most of the booty.
How did Henry Morgan become a rich planter in Jamaica?
The peace between England and Spain did not last and in 1674 King Charles II knighted Morgan and appointed him as the Deputy Governor of Jamaica. He used England’s conflicts to enrich himself then lived out his days as a rich planter in Jamaica
When was Henry Morgan arrested and transported to London?
April 1672
In a nine year period, the British colonized four countries of the Lesser Antilles.
St. Kitts - 1623
Barbados - 1625
Nevis - 1628
Antigua - 1632
In what year was the haitian revolution?
1791
What was the most significant impact on Europe from the New World?
crops
Explain how the Europeans spread diseases to the Amerindians
The Europeans brought with them microbes to which they were immune but which were deadly to the Amerindians. Over two centuries, after Columbus’s arrival, deadly diseases wiped out the majority of the Indigenous population.
The microbes affected the Amerindians but not the Europeans for many reasons, one was time. The Europeans had a long history of animal farming which allowed them to develop resistance to diseases. For example, people who had had cowpox became immune to smallpox. Some diseases which evolved from the microbes in animals are flu, typhus, tuberculosis, malaria, plague, measles, influenza, smallpox and cholera.
The invading Europeans were not killed on a similarly large scale by new World diseases because the New World inhabitants over the succeeding generations probably lost the immunities that they may have had when they first entered the continent thousands of years before.
Also, they had wiped all the species which might have been domesticated so no new diseases evolved there from contact between animals and humans. If it weren’t for this, the conquistadores could not have so easily conquered these civilisations.
From the 19th century, which nation had military and economic interests in the Caribbean?
The USA
Apart from Spain, the countries most active in the Caribbean region were?
Britain, France and the Netherlands
Two things that cause the decline of the Indigenous population?
diseases and the heavy labor they endured when they were enslaved
Impacts of the Europeans on the Indigenous peoples?
Genocide- Indigenous populations were decreased under Spanish rule and only minority groups existed throughout the Caribbean region
Forced labor or new systems of enslavement were introduced such as:
The Repartamiento system - a percentage of the Indigenous male population between the ages of 18 and 60 was recruited to work for a Spaniard for a week for pay. However, they were hardly ever paid.
and The Encomienda system - smaller groups of Indigenous people were allocated to a few privileged Spaniards known as Encomenderos. The encomendero was given a parcel of land with the right to exact tribute from the Indigenous people living on the land. In return he was expected to convert them to Christianity and protect them.
New types of diseases were introduced - Indigenous peoples were not immune to diseases such as smallpox and chickenpox
Families were broken up - Adult males were moved from place to place by the Spaniards. Kalinago males were killed in wars with the Spaniards.
Indigenous agricultural systems were destroyed - The production of crops by Indigenous peoples was affected. The Spanish brought animals which trampled the fields. Often, these animals were placed to graze on the agricultural fields of the Indigenous people.
Infanticide was carried out - Many parents preferred to kill their babies because they did not want them to grow up under such conditions.
Taino women were sexually exploited
The Indigenous peoples lost their land and their sovereignty
There were changes in Indigenous religious practices due to the forced conversion to Christianity.
There was a breakdown of Amerindian culture as the Tainos and Kalinagos had to conform to European way of life.
How did the encomienda system come about?
When Columbus was faced with threats from his own men, he gave them land grants which included the forced labor of the Amerindians.
Name some plants and food that the Europeans brought to the Caribbean
coconut trees, oranges, mangoes, bananas and sugarcane
On his second voyage Columbus first went to Hispaniola. What was his main aim there?
to use native labor to search for precious metals and to establish plantations because he described the soil as being fertile
For the first ten years of colonisation ____________ was the only colony that the Spanish settled
Hispaniola
The Indigenous peoples of Honduras and Nicaragua were fully defeated in ?
the 1540s
The Mayas of the Yucatan Peninsula were massacred in?
1546
The settler population of Costa Rica was virtually wiped out by ________ in ______
diseases, late 1570s
