Comfort and Pain Management Part 2

Question 1

Nonpharmacologic pain relief measures

Answer 1

• distraction: decreases pain perception
  ex. TV, social media, gossip
• humor: has a positive effect on immune system, know the patient’s sense of humor
• music: calm music can be soothing
• imagery
• relaxation
• cutaneous stimulation
  wx. massage, acupuncture, heat/cold stimulation

Question 2

opioid receptors: mu

Answer 2

• stimulated by opioid drugs causing analgesia
• causes respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, and physical dependence

Question 3

opioid receptors: kappa

Answer 3

• stimulated by opioid drugs causing analgesia
• also causes sedation and psychotomimetic effects such as hallucination and delusion

Question 4

opioid receptors: delta

Answer 4

• no pharmacology effects when stimulated

Question 5

inflammation

Answer 5

response to cellular damage and release and release of bradykinins, histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes resulting in pain, inflammation, edema, and the systemic response of a fever

Question 6

suppression of inflammation

Answer 6

the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol which plays a role in suppressing inflammation and the release of aldosterone which affects fluid balance

Question 7

nonopioid analgesics

Answer 7

• less physical dependence
• help with decreasing inflammation and fevers
• ex. acetaminophen, NSAIDs

Question 8

opioids or narcotic analgesics

Answer 8

• controlled substances
• ex. morphine, codeine
• used for more severe pain, visceral pain
• make you relaxed, make sure to check pt vitals
• high dependency/abuse rate

Question 9

inflammatory drugs

Answer 9

• antihyperuricemics/uricosurics/urate lowering therapy
• glucocorticoids

Question 10

uricosurics

Answer 10

used to treat gout, an inflammatory disorder that occurs due to high levels of uric acid in the blood. the uric acid crystallizes and deposits in joints, primarily joints such as the big toe

Question 11

corticosteroids

Answer 11

treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases: wide variety of disorders of the skin, respiratory system, allergic reactions, rheumatoid arthritis and to prevent organ rejection and respiratory

Question 12

Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale

Answer 12

S= sleep, easy to arouse; no action necessary
I= awake & alert; no action necessary
3= frequently drowsy, drifts to sleep during conversation; decrease the opioid
4= somnolent with minimal or no response to stimuli; discontinue the opioid and consider the use of naloxone