columna vertebral y medula espinal

Question 1

cuantas vertebras cervicales tiene un humano en promedio

Answer 1

7
C1 = ATLAS
C2 = AXIS

Question 2

cuantas vertebras toracicas tiene un humano en promedio

Answer 2

12

each articulating with a pair of ribs

Question 3

cuantas vertebras lumbares tiene un humano en promedio

Answer 3

5

large vertebrae to support the body’s weight

Question 4

cuantas vertebras del sacro tiene un humano en promedio

Answer 4

5 fused vertebrae

Question 5

cuantas vertebras del coccix tiene un humano en promedio

Answer 5

4

Question 6

name the curvatures of the vertebral column

Answer 6

cervical curvature
thoracic curvature
lumbar curvature
sacral curvature

Question 7

name the primary curvatures of the vertebral column

Answer 7

thoracic curvature
sacral curvature

• both present in the fetus

Question 8

name the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column

Answer 8

cervical curvature: acquired when the infant can support the weight of its own head

lumbar curvature: acquired when the infant assumes an upright posture

Question 9

name the key ligaments of the vertebral column

Answer 9

• anterior longitudinal ligament: connects adjacent bodies and the IVD along their anterior aspect
• posterior longitudinal ligament: connects adjacent bodies and IVD along their posterior aspect
• supraspinous ligament: between adjacent spinous processes
• interspinous ligament: between adjacent spinous processes
• ligament flava (ligamento amarillo): connect adjacent laminae; contain elastic fibers.

Question 10

characteristics of C1 (atlas)

Answer 10

• doesn’t have a body or spinous process

- ringlike bone; superior facet articulates with occipital bone

Question 11

whats the strongest cervical vertebra

Answer 11

C2 (axis)

Question 12

characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 12

• heart-shaped body, with facets for rib articulation
• small circular vertebral foramen (the spinal cord passes through the vertebral foramen)
• long transverse processes (which have costal facets for rib articulation; T1-T10 only)
• long spinous processes (slope posteriorly and overlap the next vertebra below)

Question 13

what is the largest vertebrae

Answer 13

L5

Question 14

characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 14

• kidney-shaped body, massive for support
• facets face medial or lateral direction, which permits good flexion and extension
• spinous process is short

Question 15

characteristics of the sacrum

Answer 15

• large, wedge-shaped, which transmits body weight to pelvis

- five fused vertebrae, with fusion complete by puberty

Question 16

characteristics of the coccyx

Answer 16

• Co1 often not fused
• Co2 to Co4 fused
• no pedicles, laminae, spines
• remnant of our embryonic tail

Question 17

cuales son las costillas verdaderas

Answer 17

ribs 1 - 7; they articulate with the sternum directly

Question 18

cuales son las costillas falsas

Answer 18

ribs 8 - 10; they articulate with costal cartilages of the ribs above

Question 19

cuales son las costillas flotantes

Answer 19

ribs 11 - 12; they articulate with vertebrae only

Question 20

cuantas costillas tenemos

Answer 20

12

Question 21

caracteristicas de una costilla tipica

Answer 21

contienen cabeza, cuello, tuberculo, cuerpo y angulo

son las costillas 3 al 9

Question 22

cuales son las costillas atipicas y porque

Answer 22

1: es la mas ancha, corta y curvada, tiene 2 surcos para los vasos subclavios, tiene solo 1 cara articular para T1
2: tiene la tuberosidad del musculo serrato anterior

10 - 12: tiene solo 1 cara articular

11 y 12: no presentan cuellos ni tuberculos

Question 23

partes del esternon

Answer 23

manubrio
cuerpo
apofisis xifoides

Question 24

what is the spinal cord

Answer 24

it is a direct continuation of the medulla oblongata, extending below the foramen magnum at the base of the skull and passing through the vertebral (spinal) canal formed by the articulated vertebrae

Question 25

name the features of the spinal cord

Answer 25

- 31 pairs of spinal nerves (8 cervical pairs, 12 thoracic pairs, 5 lumbar pairs, 5 sacral pairs and 1 coccygeal pair) - each spinal nerve is formed by dorsal and ventral roots - motor neurons reside in the spinal cord gray matter (anterior horn) - sensory neurons reside in the spinal nerve dorsal root gangla - ventral rami of spinal nerves often converge to form plexuses (a mixed network of nerve axons)

Question 26

where does the spinal cord end

Answer 26

at a tapered region called the conus medullaris, which is situated at about the level of the L1-L2 vertebrae

Question 27

where is the gray matter located in the spinal cord and the cerebral cortex

Answer 27

spinal cord: lie in the center of the cord, where they form a butterfly or H shaped region cerebral cortex: surface of the brain

Question 28

how is the grey matter divided in the spinal cord

Answer 28

posterior horn: receives sensory axons from the periphery anterior horn: efferent axons exit the cord to enter a spinal nerve

Question 29

characteristics of the white matter of the spinal cord

Answer 29

- it decreases as one continues inferiorly from rostral to caudal - divided into dorsal, lateral and anterior funiculi (bundles) that contain multiple fiber tracts

Question 30

characteristics of the dorsal (posterior) funiculus tract

Answer 30

ascending pathways that, generally speaking, convey proprioception (muscle and joint position), touch and tactile discrimination (size and shape discrimination) from the leg (fasciculus gracilis) and arm (fasciculus cuneatus)

Question 31

characteristics of the lateral funiculus tract

Answer 31

ascending pathways that convey proprioception, pain, temperature, and touch sensations to higher centers, and convey descending pathways concerned with skilled movements and autonomic information to preganglionic neurons

Question 32

characteristics of the anterior funiculus

Answer 32

some ascending pathways that convey pain, temperature, and touch, and descending pathways that convey information that facilitates or inhibits flexor and extensor muscles; reflex movements that control tone, posture, and head movements; and some skilled movements

Question 33

what are lower motor neurons

Answer 33

they are the neurons of the anterior horn that innervate skeletal muscle. lesions of these neurons or their axons in the peripheral nerve results in the loss of voluntary and reflex responses of the muscles and cause muscle atrophy. The denervated muscles exhibit fibrillations (fine twitching) and fasciculations (brief contractions of muscle motor units)

Question 34

what are upper motor neurons

Answer 34

they are the neurons at higher levels in the CNS that send axons either to the brainstem or spinal cord. in general, lesions of these neurons or their axons result in spastic paralysis, hyperactive muscle stretch reflexes, clonus (a series of rhythmic jerks), a "clasp-knife" response (muscle hypertonia) to passive movements, and lack of muscle atrophy (except by disuse)

Question 35

what is ALS

Answer 35

it is a progressive and fatal disease that results in the degeneration of motor neurons in the cranial nerves and in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. Muscle weakness and atrophy occur in some muscles, whereas spasticity and hyperreflexia are present in other muscles.