colour and vision

Question 1

individual differences in vision

Answer 1

• congenital [genetic] and acquired low vision
• short/long sighted
• colour vision deficiency [colourblind]

Question 2

seeing in colour

Answer 2

• 3 receptors in the eye responsible for how we see see colour
• there are other receptors on the retina which are light sensitive
• rods
• other “intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells”

Question 3

what is CVD

Answer 3

• Normal colour vision : trichromacy
  
  • 92% XY (men) and
  • 99.5% XX (women)
• Missing cones:dichromacy
  
  • Protanopia ~1% men
  • Deuteranopia ~1% men
• Overlap in sensitivity : anomalous trichromacy
  
  • Protanomaly ~ 1% men
  • Deuternomaly ~5% men

Question 4

what is tritanopia

Answer 4

= loss of colour receptor for blue

Question 5

how is CVD passed down

Answer 5

• X linked recessive gene
• maternal line

Question 6

ways to test for CVD

Answer 6

• ishihara’s [number in circle]
• FM100 hue test
• anomaloscope [get colours to match]

Question 7

CVD impact children

Answer 7

• Mehta, Sowden, & Grandison, (2018).
  
  • Challenges in education settings
  • Impact on mental health and wellbeing
• Pattie, Mullally, & Jordan (2022).
  
  • 154 normal colour vision, and 271 CVD participants rate difficulty in Education, Social, Emotion, and Day to Day problems
  • CVD participants significantly higher impact scores than CVN
• Cumberland, Rahi & Peckham [2004]
• • “increasing use of colour in education has raised concerns for children with CVD, but robust evidence is lacking”
• is there an attainment gap?
• still unaware of impact of CVD on education

Question 8

visual elemnets of classroom

studies

Answer 8

• Fisher, Goodwin, &Seltman (2014)
  
  • Attention allocation
  • Inhibitory control
  • Adaptation?
• Barrett, Davies, Zhang,& Barrett (2015)
  
  • Individualisation
  • Ownership
  • Complexity

Question 9

natural environment, cognition, mental health

Answer 9

• Schertz & Berman (2019)
• In general – tasks requiring working memory and cognitive flexibility improve most reliably after nature exposure.
• Tasks that don’t show difference : impulse control, visual attention, vigilance, and processing speed
• Controlling for population factors, there’s a small but significant increased odds ratio for mood disorders for urban environments vs rural environments

Question 10

effect of green space on risk of disorders

Answer 10

Neurotic, stress-related, and somatic disorders, as well as single and recurrent depressive disorder, had some of the highest relative risk and population attributable risk estimates associated with NDVI, which could reflect the role of green spaces as restorative environments

Engelman et al [2019]

Question 11

possible mechanisms regarding green space

Answer 11

“ Green space can promote mental health by supporting psychological restoration, encouraging exercise, improving social coherence, decreasing noise and air pollution affecting cognition and brain development, and improving immune functioning…”
* ‘Low level statistics’ : the basic building blocks that our early visual system responds to (e.g. edges)
* ← Schertz et al [2018]- non straight edges, naturalnes, and thoughts

Question 12

possible mechanism

attention restoration theory

Answer 12

• attention restoration theory
• Perceptual features of natural environments capture bottom-up involuntary attention allowing top-down directed attention resources achance to replenish (Soft fascination)
• Attention restoration = effortless processing directly influences attention

Question 13

what is deuteranomaly

Answer 13

most common red-green colour blindness