child maltreatment

Question 1

What does child abuse and neglect include?

Answer 1

Child abuse and neglect include inflicting harm on a child or young person, as well as failing to protect them from harm.

Question 2

Who can abuse or neglect children?

Answer 2

Children and young people may be abused by someone they know (e.g., family or community) or, more rarely, by someone they don’t know (e.g., through the internet).

Question 3

What is the significance of indicators of abuse and neglect?

Answer 3

Some indicators of abuse and neglect may show current or past abuse and neglect

Question 4

What was the publication date of the NICE guideline NG76 on child abuse and neglect?

Answer 4

The NICE guideline NG76 was published on 9 October 2017.

Question 5

What are the main types of child maltreatment?

Answer 5

The main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect.

Question 6

What percentage of adults who experienced abuse before age 16 experienced multiple types of abuse?

Answer 6

44% of adults who experienced abuse before age 16 experienced multiple types of abuse.

Question 7

How are the number of adversities related to outcomes in abuse victims?

Answer 7

There is a positive association between the number of adversities and negative outcomes.

Question 8

Why is it important to understand the prevalence of child maltreatment?

Answer 8

Understanding prevalence helps inform interventions, raise awareness, and improve prevention strategies.

Question 9

What factors influence estimates of child maltreatment prevalence?

Answer 9

Factors include definition, sampling, mode of data collection, and framing of the issue.

Question 10

How can different definitions impact estimates of prevalence?

Answer 10

Different definitions of maltreatment may include or exclude certain behaviors, impacting estimates.

Question 11

How does the sampling method affect prevalence estimates?

Answer 11

The sampling method may affect whether hard-to-reach or marginalized groups are included, affecting the accuracy of prevalence estimates.

Question 12

How does the mode of data collection influence prevalence estimates?

Answer 12

The method of data collection (e.g., interviews vs. self-reporting) can affect how honestly and accurately individuals report maltreatment.

Question 13

What outcomes are associated with child maltreatment across the lifespan?

Answer 13

Outcomes include physical health issues (e.g., neurological, cardiovascular), mental health issues (e.g., PTSD, depression), and psychosocial functioning issues (e.g., self-harm, antisocial behavior).

Question 14

What are some differences in outcomes based on the type of child maltreatment?

Answer 14

Although it is assumed that sexual and physical abuse are more harmful, research shows that outcomes across different types of abuse are similar in type and severity.

Question 15

What is resilience in the context of child maltreatment?

Answer 15

Resilience refers to a child’s capacity to adapt successfully to challenges, depending on the interplay of multiple systems. It is complex, dynamic, and not an inherent trait.

Question 16

What factors influence variability in outcomes for children who experience maltreatment?

Answer 16

Variability depends on factors like individual resilience, social support, early interventions, and genetic predispositions.

Question 17

What are some risk factors for child maltreatment?

Answer 17

Risk factors include parental substance abuse, mental health issues, socioeconomic hardship, and a history of abuse in the family.

Question 18

What is an example of a case study involving risk and protective factors in child maltreatment?

Answer 18

A 13-year-old girl faces abuse from her father after her mother separated. Protective factors include good relationships with her mother’s family, but risk factors include ongoing abuse and lack of school attendance.

Question 19

What are causal mechanisms of impact in child maltreatment?

Answer 19

Causal mechanisms involve biological, psychological, and social processes that mediate the effects of maltreatment, leading to long-term consequences.

Question 20

What is the BioPsychoSocial model in understanding child maltreatment?

Answer 20

The BioPsychoSocial model considers how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence a child’s development and response to maltreatment.

Question 21

How can maltreatment result in latent vulnerability?

Answer 21

Maltreatment may alter neurobiological systems, which can be adaptive in an abusive context but create long-term vulnerability in more normative environments.

Question 22

What are the levels of prevention for child maltreatment?

Answer 22

Levels of prevention include primary prevention (universal), secondary prevention (selective), and tertiary prevention (indicated).

Question 23

What is the 1994 IOM framework for prevention?

Answer 23

The 1994 Institute of Medicine (IOM) framework focuses on a continuum of care that includes universal, selective, and indicated prevention strategies.

Question 24

What are universal prevention strategies for child maltreatment?

Answer 24

Universal prevention strategies include legal measures like smacking bans (e.g., Scotland, Wales) and public health campaigns (e.g., NSPCC Pantosaurus).

Question 25

What is the Family Nurse Partnership (FNP)?

Answer 25

The FNP is a targeted prevention program for first-time young mothers in deprived areas, aimed at improving outcomes like smoking cessation, birth weight, and reducing hospital admissions.