Colonisation Flashcards
What is the definition of colonisation?
Describes a situation when a group of people within a race or culture have their land stolen by foreigners which then forces them to conform to the rules of the invaders
What is a colony?
Colony is the place that has been invaded and stolen
What is an empire?
It is the collective noun used to describe a number of colonies
What is the commonality between colonisers?
Greed for land resources
Deny an enemy access to the territory
Military tactical
Commonality between the treatment of the invaded?
Dispossessing original inhabitants
New set of laws
New “official language”
Spreading disease
What was the English French resolutions in the 18th century?
A seven year war fought for world dominance between Britain and France
What happened at the end of the British French war?
The war was won by Britain but contributed to loss of American colonies
What happened when Britain lost their American colonies?
It affected their
economic wealth
Resource wealth
pride
Define imperialism or colonisation?
The removal of culture and land from a group of people generally by foreigners.
What factors drove colonisation?
Greedier land, resources, wealth
Why did the English government want to colonise the east coast of Australia?
Variety of reasons that ranged from the defence strategic interests in the Pacific to project English power in the region. And overcrowded jails in England
How long have First Nations people lived in Australia?
60 000 - 10 000
How many people lived in Australia before colonisation?
1.25 million people
What was aboriginal society like?
They lived a nomadic lifestyle in oder to give the land a chance to regenerate.
They traded between nations on the mainland for resources
What were the kings orders to Captain Phillp in regard to the indigenous peoples of Australia?
The king ordered Phillip to approach kindly and punish anyone who mistreated the indigenous people or interfere with their life.
Describe the initial meetings between the First Nations people and the white settlers?
Phillip was kind and followed the Kings orders, first nations people minimally interacted with the settlers as they believed that it was a temporary settlement.
Why did white officers shoot at the First Nations people?
First nations people began to understand that settlers were not leaving and began to attack convicts and other settlers. Philly then ordered the officers to punish them due to the attack.
Why were First Nations initially unfazed by white settlers?
they believed it was a temporary settlement
What did Phillip do when he noticed the lack of unity between settlers and First Nations?
IN attempts to assimilate white and indigenous people her kidnapped two men one who died the other who became good friends with Phillip.
Why did he Kidnap Bennelong?
In attempts to learn about the local language, beliefs and customs and convince them that the settlers were friendly and peaceful.
What happened to Phillips friend John McIntyre?
He was killed by a warrior called Pemulury in 1790
What did governor Phillip do after learning of this action?
He publicly executed two First Nations men and ordered ten men to be beheaded and brought back to Sydney for public display.
Why did the first settlers to Australia nearly run out of food?
The food supply brought by the settlers began to run out and crops were not succeeding due to bad soil.
When did it become obvious that they will not starve?
In 1789 a convict successfully grew a wheat crop and this was continued on and more supplies from England were arriving
How were the convicts categorised upon their arrival?
The more severe the offence the more minimised your freedom was. This affected socialisation and physical wellbeing especially if you were used to create new roads.
What two forms of punishment were emplaced on convicts?
A cat o nine whipping tail, and or heavy hard labour like road building
How many convicts were transported for 80 years?
165 000
average age 25
varied ethnic backgrounds like china Africa
What was the second fleet like?
The second fleet was a private firm who were paid to transport convicts. They had minimal regard for the convicts this meant the death rate was increased aswell as beatings and deliberate starving.
Why did convicts decide to settle in Australia once granted freedom?
People were unable to afford to go home and farmers were needed to grow crops.
Describe what the colony of NSW was like when Governor Macquarie first arrived?
The infrastructure like roads and buildings were neglected and the civilisation was completely divided
-infastrucer was neglected
civilsation was divided
List Governor Macquaire’s achievements?
Building and town planning program
The road built to cross the blue mountains
increased more infrastructure or settlements
Introduction of Banks and currency
How successful was Macquarie as a governor?
Macquarie was able to improve the economic and physical development Sydney however he was unable to improve the relationship with the First Nations and white settlers
What were the ex-convicts views on Macquarie?
They valued his help in providing them with jobs and housing which they were not provided with after emancipation
What were the Free settlers views on Macquarie?
They appreciated the development in farming and crop growing however his ideas on egalitarianism
What were the First Nations views on Macquarie?
Like most British leaders the First Nations were treated horribly by Macquarie even through his attempts to assimilate them into society
What was his treatment of First Nations people?
Due to his encouragement of expansion it clashed between them
In 1814 he set up a school for indigenous childran
In 1815 he built huts for 16 families and gave them ‘essentials’
Both failed
He set up rules that prohibited large gatherings of First peoples and ‘rewards’ for people who complied
What does the term ‘Kanakas’ refer to?
Kanakas referred to the Pacific Islanders who were brought to Queensland either voluntarily or forcibly to work on the sugar Plantations
60,000 people worked for 40 years
what were the terms the kanakas worked under?
Indentured or contract work that lasted three Yeats, some were working involuntary (generally kidnapped)
How did the introduction of the immigration restriction Act affect the South sea islanders and the sugar can industry?
The act prohibited the importation of Pacific Islanders meaning that they were deported and with that ignorer for the sugar cane industry to survive white people had to work and were paid with full wages however the sugar cane plantations still thrived.
Plantations started in 1862
What does the term ‘Federation’ mean?
It was the decision for the six colonies to unite to form one nation.
What were the advantages of the Federation?
Cultural history and ordination
Evolution of better communications
Military
Immigration
International recognition
What are the disadvantages of the Federation?
Geography and distance - Underdeveloped transport
Fears of the loss of power with smaller colonisation
Differences between the colonies laws
What were the compromises made to convince all six colonies?
The fear of domination by larger colonies was resolved by the creation of two Houses of Parliament
Creating several levels of government
Creating the capital city
When was the federation?
1901 January 1st
Why did the rich people hate the gold rush?
They believed it would cause disturbance
What policy was implemented to prevent workers leaving their jobs?
They implemented a gold licence that they had to pay fees for monthly
Why did the miners think the implementation of the gold licence was for benefit of the rich?
The payment of the licences went towards the payment of the police force sp the government didn’t have to pay
How did the miners express their hate of the gold licence?
Through the Eureka Rebellion when they burnt their licences
What is the Eureka Rebellion?
The Eurka Rebellion was when many miners burnt their licences and stood behind a large stockade, they were then attacked and killed by the police force
What were the results of yhr Eureka rebellion?
The governor:
Reduced the gold licence cost
Allowed men with a licence to vote
Paid politicians wages
Explain the change in the political system of Australia caused by the Eureka Rebellion?
Middle Class men were able to go into Parliament and still get paid so that there was more Representation of the lower class unions
what the relationship between white and Chinese diggers?
Violent and racist as the white people believed that there would be mixed race marriages and children
What role did the gold rush play in growing the workers movement in Australia?
The spirit of rebellion led to the growth of the working class activism for labour rights
How significant was the trade union movement and the Labour Party in bringing about improvements for the working class?
The creation of a new political party for employers and a push for working rights led to accurate working rights and enjoyable conditions.
What laws were introduced in Australia in the period we studying that improved the lives of workers?
Eight hour day
- Harvester Judgement (minium wage)
- Invalid Pension (too sick)
- Old Age Pension ( 65+)
- Factory Acts (WHS)
How did the social security help the lives of working class people?
Stopped the overworking to prevent injuries and sickness
Why was Australia considered a Workers Paradise?
Due to the working conditions in other countries who had extremely poor conditions and extensive hours
What was the standard of housing Australian working class people inhabited in the time of our study?
Landlords were not required to provide adequate housing and the working class were normally renting as they could not afford morgages
What is the Harvester Judgement?
Needs to provide minimum wage that allows them to support a wife and three kids
What is the main Aim of the Australian Constitution?
The establish the structure and responsibility of the Australian Government
What is the federal government?
Consists of two houses
Upper (senate) - represent the states and reviews the laws passed by the house
Lower (house of reps) - Has 150 electorates that represent different groups of people
What is the local Government?
Dividing each state into smaller municipal councils , responsible foe suburbs, garbage and libraries
What is the state government?
Smaller version of the federal government that controls issues within the state such as education, hospitals, police
Leader = premier
Queens rep = govenor
Role of the queens representative at the federal level of government?
To call a federal election if they are caught in a position where laws or proposals cannot be past or someone loose majority due to death.
Who is a minister?
Senior people from the parties to look after specific areas
Who is the cabinet?
Senior ministers from a ‘cabinet’ the inner-circle of government. Provide advice
