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US History > college final exam summer > Flashcards

college final exam summer Flashcards

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1
Q

Empiricism

A

The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience and observation.

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2
Q

Government

A

The institutions and procedures through which a territory and its people are ruled.

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3
Q

Politics

A

The process of making decisions that apply to members of a group, often within a government.

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4
Q

Types of Government

A

Democracy, Oligarchy, Autocracy.

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5
Q

Five Principles of Government

A

Rationality, Institutional, Collective Action, Policy, History.

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6
Q

Prinicipal- Agent Relationship

A

An arrangement in which one entity (the agent) acts on behalf of another (the principal).

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7
Q

Agenda Power

A

The control over what a group will consider for discussion.

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8
Q

Bargaining

A

Negotiation to reach a mutual agreement.

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9
Q

Public Good

A

A good that is non-excludable and non-rivalrous, benefiting all members of society.

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10
Q

Free Riding

A

Benefiting from a good without contributing to the cost of its provision.

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11
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

The depletion of a shared resource by individuals acting according to their own self-interest.

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12
Q

Path Dependency

A

The idea that certain possibilities are made more or less likely because of decisions made in the past.

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13
Q

Veto Power

A

The ability to defeat something even if it has made it on to the agenda.

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14
Q

The French and Indian War

A

A conflict between Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763.

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15
Q

Taxation Without Representation

A

The principle that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government.

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16
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

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17
Q

Boston Massacre

A

A 1770 incident in which British troops fired on and killed American colonists.

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18
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

The 1776 document stating that the 13 English colonies were a free and independent nation.

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19
Q

Charles Beard

A

An American historian who argued that the Constitution was designed to protect the economic interests of the Founding Fathers.

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20
Q

Great Compromise

A

The agreement to create a two-house legislature.

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21
Q

Three - Fifths Compromise

A

The agreement that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportionment of taxes and representation.

22
Q

Necessary and Proper Clause

A

Grants Congress the powers to pass all laws related to its expressed powers

23
Q

Expressed Powers

A

Powers directly stated in the Constitution.

24
Q

Supremacy Clause

A

Establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land.

25
Q

Federalism

A

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

26
Q

Concurrent Power

A

Powers shared by the federal and state governments

27
Q

Reserved Powers to the States

A

Powers which are not written down

28
Q

Police Powers

A

State powers to effect laws promoting health, safety, and morals.

29
Q

Full faith and Credit Clause

A

Requires each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states

30
Q

Comity Clause

A

Also known as the Priviliges and Immunitites Clause; prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner.

31
Q

Home Rule

A

Local self government

32
Q

Types of Federalism

A

Dual, Cooperative, Regulated, New.

33
Q

Unfunded Mandates

A

Programs that the federal government requires states to implement without federal funding

34
Q

Types of Grants

A

Categorical grants, block grants

35
Q

Civil Liberties

A

Constitutional freedoms guranteed to all citizens

36
Q

Dual citizenship

A

Being a citizen of two countries simultaneously

37
Q

14th Amendment

A

Guarantees equal protection and due process under the law.

38
Q

First Amendment

A

Protects the freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

39
Q

Lemon v. Kurtzman

A

A 1971 Supreme Court case that established the Lemon test for determining if a law violates the Establishment Clause.

40
Q

Rights of the Criminally Accused

A

Protections in the Constitution such as the right to a fair trial, protection against self-incrimination, and the right to counsel.

41
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright

A

A 1963 Supreme Court case that ruled that the Sixth Amendment’s right to counsel in criminal cases requires state courts to provide attorneys for defendants who cannot afford to hire their own.

42
Q

Civil Rights

A

The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

43
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

A 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.

44
Q

Women’s Rights

A

Rights that promote a position of legal and social equality of women with men.

45
Q

Native Americans Rights

A

Rights aimed at ensuring the sovereignty and cultural preservation of Native American tribes.

46
Q

The Exclusion Act

A

Refers to laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act, which restricted immigration based on nationality or race.

47
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

48
Q

Title IX

A

A federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in federally funded education programs and activities.

49
Q

Levels of Scrutiny

A

The three levels of judicial review: rational basis, intermediate scrutiny, and strict scrutiny.

50
Q

Types of Civil Rights Organizations

A

NAACP, ACLU, Southern Poverty Law Center, among others.

US History (7 decks)

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