college chap 6-10 exam

Question 1

Types of Representation

Answer 1

Refers to the ways elected officials represent their constituents’ interests, including delegate, trustee, politico, and descriptive representation.

Question 2

Differences between the US House and the US Senate

Answer 2

House has 435 members with two-year terms, while the Senate has 100 members with six-year terms.

Question 3

Bicameralism

Answer 3

A legislative system with two chambers, such as the US Congress, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Question 4

Incumbents versus Challengers

Answer 4

Incumbents are current officeholders, while challengers are those running against them in an election.

Question 5

Leadership PACs

Answer 5

Political Action Committees established by politicians to support other candidates and build influence.

Question 6

Logrolling

Answer 6

The practice of exchanging favors, especially in politics, by reciprocal voting for each other’s proposed legislation

Question 7

The Framer’s Views of Presidential Power

Answer 7

The Framers intended for a strong yet limited executive, balancing power between the branches of government.

Question 8

Types of Presidential Powers

Answer 8

Include expressed, delegated, and inherent powers granted or implied by the Constitution.

Question 9

Expressed

Answer 9

Powers specifically granted to the President by the Constitution.

Question 10

Delegated

Answer 10

Powers given to the President by Congress to carry out legislative directives.

Question 11

Inherent

Answer 11

Powers assumed by the President, often during emergencies, that are not explicitly stated in the Constitution.

Question 12

Executive Orders

Answer 12

Directives issued by the President to federal agencies without needing congressional approval.

Question 13

Executive Agreements

Answer 13

International agreements made by the President without Senate ratification.

Question 14

Legislative Initiative

Answer 14

The President’s power to propose legislation to Congress.

Question 15

Executive Office of the President

Answer 15

A group of federal agencies overseen by the President that provide support and advice.

Question 16

The Cabinet

Answer 16

A group of senior officials appointed by the President to head executive departments and advise on policy.

Question 17

Office of the White House

Answer 17

The President’s immediate staff and support staff, including the Chief of Staff.

Question 18

Bureaucracy

Answer 18

A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials responsible for implementing policies.

Question 19

Bureaucratic Rule Making

Answer 19

The process by which federal agencies create regulations to enforce laws.

Question 20

The federal Register

Answer 20

A daily publication that documents federal agency regulations, proposed rules, and public notices.

Question 21

Freedom of Information Act

Answer 21

A law ensuring public access to government records, with some exceptions for privacy and security.

Question 22

Cabinet Department Leadership

Answer 22

Heads of the 15 executive departments, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

Question 23

Independent Agencies

Answer 23

Agencies that exist outside of the federal executive departments, such as NASA.

Question 24

Regulatory Agencies

Answer 24

Government bodies that enforce laws and regulations in specific areas, like the EPA.

Question 25

Government Corporations

Answer 25

Government-owned businesses that provide services, like the USPS.

Question 26

Independent Regulatory Comissions

Answer 26

Agencies created by Congress to regulate specific industries and protect the public interest, like the FCC.

Question 27

Criminal Law

Answer 27

The body of law that relates to crime and punishment of individuals who commit crimes.

Question 28

Civil Law

Answer 28

The body of law dealing with disputes between individuals or organizations, typically seeking compensation.

Question 29

Admistrative Law (boltgtaoaaog)

Answer 29

The body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government.

Question 30

Jurisdiction

Answer 30

The authority of a court to hear and decide a case

Question 31

Stare Decisis

Answer 31

The legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent.

Question 32

Habeas corpus

Answer 32

A legal action requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court

Question 33

Uniform code of military justice

Answer 33

The set of criminal laws that apply to people in the military

Question 34

Original Jurisdiction

Answer 34

The authrotity of a court to hear a case for the first time

Question 35

Appellate Jurisdiction

Answer 35

The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts

Question 36

The Federal Court System

Answer 36

Comprises the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, and District Courts

Question 37

Judicial Review

Answer 37

The power of courts to declare laws unconsitutional

Question 38

Beliefs versus Preferences

Answer 38

Beliefs are convictions or acceptances that certain things are true, whlile preferences are desires or choices.

Question 39

Latent Issues

Answer 39

Issues that are not currently prominent but have the potential to become so

Question 40

Public Opinion

Answer 40

The collective attitudes and beliefs of individuals on one or more issues

Question 41

Political Socialization

Answer 41

The process by which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values

Question 42

Ideology

Answer 42

A system of ideas and ideals, escpecially those that form the basis of economic or political theory and policy

Question 43

DIfferent types of Ideology

Answer 43

Includes liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and libertarianism

Question 44

Gender Gap

Answer 44

The difference in political views or voting behavior betwen men and women

Question 45

Public Opnion Polling

Answer 45

The process of collecting and analyzing data on the public's views

Question 46

Sample

Answer 46

A subset of the population used to represent the whole in polling

Question 47

Sample error

Answer 47

The margin of eror in polling results, indicating the level of accuracy

Question 48

Elements of a Scientific Poll

Answer 48

Includes random sampling, representative sampling, and a low margin error

Question 49

Literary Digest

Answer 49

A magazine konwn for its influential but flawed presidential election poll in 1936

Question 50

Elastic Clause

Answer 50

Allows congress to expand its power as needed

Question 51

Primary Responsibility

Answer 51

Serving and advocating for the interests of constituents

Question 52

Agency Representation

Answer 52

Accountability to voters through regular elections

Question 53

Incumbency Advantages

Answer 53

Media coverage and fundraising

Question 54

Gerrymandering

Answer 54

Redrawing districts to favor a political party's success

Question 55

Legislative Organization problems

Answer 55

labor division and agenda setting

Question 56

Presidential Action

Answer 56

President's power to approve or veto proposed laws

Question 57

Floor Action

Answer 57

Includes debates, amendments, and voting by members

Question 58

Veto power

Answer 58

President's authority to reject Congressional acts

Question 59

Stewardship Theory

Answer 59

President should act for the nation's best interests

Question 60

Marbury v Madison

Answer 60

Established the judiciary's power of judicial review

Question 61

Borwn v Board of Education

Answer 61

Ended racial segregation in public school