College 5 Development

Question 1

Prenatal stages

Answer 1

Fertilization –> 2 weeks old: Zygote
2 weeks old –> 8 weeks old: Embryo
9 weeks old –> birth: Fetus
Abortion possible upto 22 weeks (upto baby viable)

Question 2

Stem cell

Answer 2

Self-renewing multipotential cell that gives rise to any of the different types of neurons and glial cells in the nervous system

Question 3

7 stages of brain development

Answer 3

1. Cell birth: Neurogenesis
2. Cell migration
3. Cell differentiation
4. Cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
5. Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
6. Cell death OR synaptic pruning
7. Myelogenesis (formation of Myelin)

Question 4

Neurogenesis

Step 1

Answer 4

At peak: 250.000 neurons per minute
5 month after conception mostly complete, does continu even until after the 5 year of live. Can at this point better cope with injury
Cell generation continous throughout live in HIPPOCAMPUS

Question 5

Cell migration

Step 2

Answer 5

Neurons move from subventricle zone to the cortex
Cortical mapi in subventricle zone –> shows neurons where to go
Neurons move along radial glial cells

Question 6

Neural maturation

Step 4

Answer 6

After migration the cells differentiate into specific neuron types
DENDRETIC
grows dendrites and spine to provide surface area for synapses with other cells
AXONAL
Extend their axons to appropriate targets to initiate synaps formation

Question 7

Dendretic growth

Step 4

Answer 7

Arborization (branching)
growth of dendretic spine where most synapses occur
Neural maturation in cortical language area –> parallels the meregence of language

Question 8

Axonal Growth

Step 4

Answer 8

Cell-adhesion molecules (CAM)
on target cells surface or intercellular space provide surface for growth cones to adhere
Serve to atract or repel growth cones

Question 9

Cell death/ Synaptic pruning

Step 6

Answer 9

Born with too many neurons and synaptic connections
Neural Darwinism: cell death = like natural selection
Apoptosis: genetically programmed cell death triggered by chemical signal or loss of those
Loss of cells leads to better motor and cognitive development, more efficiency in connetions in neurons

Question 10

Frontal lobe development

Answer 10

One of the last regions to mature, Far beyond 20 years

Question 11

Estrogen

Answer 11

Sex hormone responsible for distinguishing characteristics of female

Question 12

Teratogen

Answer 12

An agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo