College 3 Drugs and hormones

Question 1

Antagonist

Answer 1

Substance that blocks/decreases the function of neurotransmission

Question 2

Dopaminergic antagonist

Answer 2

Supresses the dopamine (& norepinephrine) reuptake

antipsychotics

Question 3

Adenosinergic antagonist

Answer 3

Endogenous adenosine induses drowsiness
Caffeine is a antagonist
works in the oposite direction and peps you up instead of getting drowsi

Question 4

Glutamatergic antagonist

Answer 4

Works on the glutamate system, glutamate is excitatory so a glutamatergic antagonist works calming or even sedative
Ketamine, aneasthesia
Also used to treat parkinsons desease symptoms

Question 5

Agonist

Answer 5

Substance that enhances the function of neurotransmission

Question 6

Dopaminergic agonist

Answer 6

Blocks dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, which therefor stays available in the synaptic cleft
Cocaine and meth are dopaminergic agonists, so are methulphenidate (Ritalin) and L-dopa
more focus and arousal –> makes it highly addictive, less feeling of coherence and stability
L-dopa is used to treat parkinsons –> it has effect on motor problems

Question 7

Cannabinergic agonist

Answer 7

Reduce anxiety and enhances forgetting

THC is an example of a cannabinergic agonist

Question 8

Serotinergic agonist

Answer 8

They alter sensory perception and cognitive processes, can also produce hallucinations
Examples are LSD and MDMA
Also have adrenergic effects –> higher hearrate, etc.

Question 9

Opiodergic agonists

Answer 9

Opiod: endo/exogenous copound binds opiod receptors and give a morphine like effect
endorphine: pain killer
reduce stress and pain
addictive

Question 10

GABAergic agonist

Answer 10

At a low dose they reduce anxiety, disinhibit behavior and reduces brain activation
at medium dose they sedate
at a high dose they anesthesize, coma and eventually death
Alcohol and benzodiazepines (valium, ssri’s (antidepressants))

Question 11

Cholinergic agonist

Answer 11

At low doses it is a stimulant on memory, selective attention, and emotional processing functions.
example: nicotine

Question 12

Antipsychotics

1st and 2nd generation

Answer 12

1st generation
 - block the D2 dopamine receptor
 - produce symptoms like parkinsons
2nd generation
 - Weakly block the D2 dopamine receptor
 - block reotonin receptor
 - increased motivation and reduced agitation
 - possible side effect is weight gain

Question 13

Endogenous

Answer 13

Excisting in the brain

Question 14

Exogenous

Answer 14

From outside the body

Question 15

Anti depressants

1st and 2nd generation

Answer 15

1st genration

• Block enzyme MAO from degrading serotonine and dopamine
• tricyclic –> block serotonine uptake

2nd generation (SSRI’s)

• Block uptake of serotonine
• more selective in action on serotonine synapses

Question 16

Endocrine glands

Answer 16

Release the apropriate hormones into the blood stream to act on target organs and tissue

Question 17

Glucocorticoids

Answer 17

Fast
- fight or flights preparation

Slow

• mobilizes the body to confront a stressor
• repair stress related damages (mostly damaged by cortisol)

Question 18

Hormone

Answer 18

Chemical substance

Controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs

Question 19

Function of hormones

Answer 19

Homeostatic hormones
- maintain a state (balance) of internal metabolic balance and regulation of physiological systems (hunger, blood sugar, temperature)
Gonodal (sex) hormones
- reproductive functions
Glucocorticoids
- Secrated (produced) in times of stress

Question 20

Incentive sensitization theory

Answer 20

Wanting and liking

Question 21

Wanting

Answer 21

Craving
sensitizises cues with repeated drug use
Related to dopamine system

Question 22

Liking

Answer 22

opiod activation
marks certain activities or states as pleasurable
as tolerance grows, pleasure decreases
nucleus accumbens

Question 23

Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 23

the neural interface between motivation and action, playing a key role on feeding, sexual, reward, stress-related, drug self-administration behaviors, etc.

Question 24

Pituitary gland

Answer 24

Secretes (produce) and release hormones to influence endocrine glands (hormones into bloodstream)

Question 25

Tolerance

Answer 25

Habituation
Response to stimulus weakens with repeated presentations
Metabolic: increase in enzymes to break down
Cellular: activaties of brain cells adjust
Learned: learn to cope with being intoxicated

Question 26

Sensitization

Answer 26

Increases responsiveness to equal doses

Question 27

Feutal Alcoho Syndrom FAS

Answer 27

GABA is involved in developing the fetus –> when alcohol is used during pregnancy GABA can not do its job in developing the fetus

Question 28

Synaptic processes that can be affected by drugs

Answer 28

1. Synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the cell body, axon, or terminal
2. Storage of the neurotransmitter in granules or in vesicles
3. Release of the transmitter from presynaptic terminal
4. Receptor interaction in the postsynaptic membrane
5. Inactivation of excess neurotransmitter at the synapse
6. Reuptake into the presynaptic terminal
7. Degradation of excess neurotransmitter
8. Synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the cell body, axon, or terminal
9. Storage of the neurotransmitter in granules or in vesicles
10. Release of the transmitter from presynaptic terminal
11. Receptor interaction in the postsynaptic membrane
12. Inactivation of excess neurotransmitter at the synapse
13. Reuptake into the presynaptic terminal
14. Degradation of excess neurotransmitter