College 1: Adolescent development from a neuroscientific perspective Flashcards
gray matter
neuronal cell bodies, muscle control, sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, descision-making and self control
white matter
tissue through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter within the central nervous system. The axons are myelinated (thus white colour) to pass the messages efficiently and quickly
neuron
electrically excitable cell that fires signals (action potential) across the neural network
MRI
magnetic resonation imaging, used for brain structures
fMRI
functional magnetic resonation imaging used for brain functions which is an indirect measure. High spatial resolution, low temporal resolution
BOLD-effect
Blood oxygenation level development, used for (f)MRI. Changing hemoglobine in red blood cells, magnetic properties of hemoglobine is measurable
Anterior
In front towards the face
Posterior
Behind, towards the back
Superior
above, towards the head
Inferior
below, towards the feet
Social Information Processing Network
three networks of the brain (detection node, affective node and cognitive node) that are different in terms of developmental pace and their functions. Propose some types of sequential in how this networks are involved in social decision making, social networks and social situations
Imbalance Model
Proposed that the limbic regions that are subcortical such as the amygdala and the striatum (part of affective node) goes faster in functional development than the prefrontal regions (cognitive node)
GO/NO Go task
They had to hit GO when the participants saw a neutral face, adolescents were made more errors than children and adults. You could conclude that happy faces distracts adolescents more and they perform worse. The ventral striatum was more active during this task
EEG
Wearing multiple electrodes on your head which measures the electric activity rather than the BOLD. High temporal resolution so more used for fast processes such as speaking and hearing
Adolescence
growing up to be an adult: between childhood and adulthood
Synaptogenesis
increase in synapses. More synapses are formed between neurons, so one chemical reaction has been formed within one cell to another cell. Which explains the increase in gray matter
Pruning
elimination of excess synapses. Explains the decrease in gray matter structures
Medial
toward the middle
Lateral
toward the edge
Dorsal
toward the top of the brain or the back of the spinal cord
Ventral
toward the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord
Rostral
toward the front of the brain or the top of the spinal cord
Caudal
toward the back of the brain or the bottom of the spinal cord
Detection node
the first node to develop:
- face perception
- facial expressions/emotions
- biological motion
- other sensory nodes
associated with the TPJ however, this is also involved with high order functioning
early maturation
Affective Node
Bringing the detected social cues into a larger emotional and cognitive framework
- amygdala
- insula
- ventral striatum (NAcc specifically) are associated with this network
maturation in early adolescence
Cognitive Node
The final node is responsible for the regulation and monitoring of perception and affection
- mdPFC
- dlPFC
- ACC
are all associated with this node
maturation in late adolescence
Model of Adolescent brain development
Is the model that adds the social context and motivation to the development of the brain using the imbalance model
TPJ
Temporo parietal junction. The TPJ is mainly involved in information processing and perception.
Amygdala
associated with positive and negative emotional arousal
Insula
negative emotions (disgust, fear and unfairness)
Nucleus Accumbens (ventral striatum)
reward
Medial PFC
self-referential processing, self reflection, mentalizing
dorsal lateral PFC
Behavioural control, working memory
anterior cingulate cortex
monitoring of affective state/action
