College 1: Adolescent development from a neuroscientific perspective

Question 1

gray matter

Answer 1

neuronal cell bodies, muscle control, sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, descision-making and self control

Question 2

white matter

Answer 2

tissue through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter within the central nervous system. The axons are myelinated (thus white colour) to pass the messages efficiently and quickly

Question 3

neuron

Answer 3

electrically excitable cell that fires signals (action potential) across the neural network

Question 4

MRI

Answer 4

magnetic resonation imaging, used for brain structures

Question 5

fMRI

Answer 5

functional magnetic resonation imaging used for brain functions which is an indirect measure. High spatial resolution, low temporal resolution

Question 6

BOLD-effect

Answer 6

Blood oxygenation level development, used for (f)MRI. Changing hemoglobine in red blood cells, magnetic properties of hemoglobine is measurable

Question 7

Anterior

Answer 7

In front towards the face

Question 8

Posterior

Answer 8

Behind, towards the back

Question 9

Superior

Answer 9

above, towards the head

Question 10

Inferior

Answer 10

below, towards the feet

Question 11

Social Information Processing Network

Answer 11

three networks of the brain (detection node, affective node and cognitive node) that are different in terms of developmental pace and their functions. Propose some types of sequential in how this networks are involved in social decision making, social networks and social situations

Question 12

Imbalance Model

Answer 12

Proposed that the limbic regions that are subcortical such as the amygdala and the striatum (part of affective node) goes faster in functional development than the prefrontal regions (cognitive node)

Question 13

GO/NO Go task

Answer 13

They had to hit GO when the participants saw a neutral face, adolescents were made more errors than children and adults. You could conclude that happy faces distracts adolescents more and they perform worse. The ventral striatum was more active during this task

Question 14

EEG

Answer 14

Wearing multiple electrodes on your head which measures the electric activity rather than the BOLD. High temporal resolution so more used for fast processes such as speaking and hearing

Question 15

Adolescence

Answer 15

growing up to be an adult: between childhood and adulthood

Question 16

Synaptogenesis

Answer 16

increase in synapses. More synapses are formed between neurons, so one chemical reaction has been formed within one cell to another cell. Which explains the increase in gray matter

Question 17

Pruning

Answer 17

elimination of excess synapses. Explains the decrease in gray matter structures

Question 18

Medial

Answer 18

toward the middle

Question 19

Lateral

Answer 19

toward the edge

Question 20

Dorsal

Answer 20

toward the top of the brain or the back of the spinal cord

Question 21

Ventral

Answer 21

toward the bottom of the brain or the front of the spinal cord

Question 22

Rostral

Answer 22

toward the front of the brain or the top of the spinal cord

Question 23

Caudal

Answer 23

toward the back of the brain or the bottom of the spinal cord

Question 24

Detection node

Answer 24

the first node to develop:
- face perception
- facial expressions/emotions
- biological motion
- other sensory nodes

associated with the TPJ however, this is also involved with high order functioning

early maturation

Question 25

Affective Node

Answer 25

Bringing the detected social cues into a larger emotional and cognitive framework
- amygdala
- insula
- ventral striatum (NAcc specifically) are associated with this network

maturation in early adolescence

Question 26

Cognitive Node

Answer 26

The final node is responsible for the regulation and monitoring of perception and affection
- mdPFC
- dlPFC
- ACC
are all associated with this node

maturation in late adolescence

Question 27

Model of Adolescent brain development

Answer 27

Is the model that adds the social context and motivation to the development of the brain using the imbalance model

Question 28

TPJ

Answer 28

Temporo parietal junction. The TPJ is mainly involved in information processing and perception.

Question 29

Amygdala

Answer 29

associated with positive and negative emotional arousal

Question 30

Insula

Answer 30

negative emotions (disgust, fear and unfairness)

Question 31

Nucleus Accumbens (ventral striatum)

Answer 31

reward

Question 32

Medial PFC

Answer 32

self-referential processing, self reflection, mentalizing

Question 33

dorsal lateral PFC

Answer 33

Behavioural control, working memory

Question 34

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 34

monitoring of affective state/action