Collectivisation Flashcards
What was a Kolkhoz?
Standard farm
What was a Sovkhoz?
State-run farm
What was a Toz?
Peasant owned farm
How many farms did one Kolkhoz consist of?
50-100
Why was collectivisation introduced? (5)
To control the people
It was more communist than NEP
Food shortages
Feared invasion
Industrial production had to be increased
What happened in 1927? (3)
Collectivisation is announced and ignored
Procurement crisis - kulaks refused to hand over grain
What was collectivisation?
Peasants gave up small plots of land to share with other families
What happened in 1928? (2)
Voluntary collectivisation begins
1st 5 year plan begins (1928-32)
What happened in 1929? (3)
Collectivisation becomes compulsory
Fighting between kulaks and non-kulaks
Pace of collectivisation increases
What happened in 1930? (2)
Famine
Collectivisation paused
What happened in 1931? (2)
Collectivisation restarts
OGPU shot or deported those who showed resistance
When does the 2nd five year plan begin and end?
1933- 1937
What happened in 1932/33? (4)
Famine
Exporting is continued
War is declared on kulaks
Stalin is blamed
By 1934, how many kulaks are dead?
7 million
How much does the amount of sheep and goats decrease from 114.6 mil?
114.6 mil to 36.5 mil
What percentage of land is collectivised by 1939?
99%
When did the 3rd 5 year plan begin and end?
1938-1941
Even though enough food was produce, what was there a fall in?
Production
Was farming efficient and how high was human cost?
It was inefficient and human cost was very high
Where were tractors rented from?
Machine Tractor Station (MTS)
What did a typical farm contain? (5)
Hospital
School
Town hall
Factory
Homes
A skilled elite of what careers were created? (2)
Teachers and scientists
What happened in the 1st five year plan? (2)
Focus on heavy/ new industries
Towns built entirely from scratch
How did Magnitogorsk develop from 1929 - 1932?
It went from just 25 people to 250,000 people
Who were the Gosplan?
State planning authority responsible for target setting for industries
What were the failures of industrialisation? (2)
Gosplan made targets too high
Working conditions were terrible
Why did the amount of sheep decrease so drastically?
Slaughtering animals was the people’s way of showing opposition
Every 40 farms how many MTS were there?
1
How many MTS were there by 1933?
2900
What happened in the 2nd five year plan? (3)
Targets not set as high
Oil production low
Armory multiplied by 3, fearing Germany
What happened in the 3rd five year plan? (2)
Focus on household and luxury goods
Issues with oil and steel
Why was the 3rd five year plan abandoned?
Germany invaded in 1941
By 1940, what position was the USSR in industrial power?
2nd behind the USA
Who were Stakhanovites?
People who followed Alexei Stakhanov
How many tonnes of coal did Stakhanov lift and how does this vary to the normal shift?
He lifted 102 tonnes, which is 15 times the normal
What were people granted if they worked well? (2)
Dachas
Free holidays
What does OGPU become in 1934?
NKVD
For better benefits what did people do?
They reported to the NKVD
How many people died in gulags out of the 20 mil that were taken there?
12 mil
By what percentage did wages fall from 1928 - 1933?
50%
Why was there now a new elite?
Due to new training schemes
Why did people demand higher pay and workers rights?
Russia had weak trade unions
By how many times did steel increase?
12
By how many times did coal increase?
4
Give an example showing that targets were too high.
Only 50,000 tractors were produced when the target was 170,000
Which things could not cope due to the rapid growth of the population? (4)
Roads
Water supply
Power
Transport
Why did Russia need quick industrialisation and a better military?
They had to assume they would have no allies due to their fear of communism
