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aubf > Collection, Handling, & Physical Examinations > Flashcards

Collection, Handling, & Physical Examinations Flashcards

1
Q

Most common type of specimen type?

Easiest to collect

Useful for routine screening tests

A

Random Specimen

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2
Q

First voided specimen upon waking

IDEAL screening specimen (most concentrated)

A

First morning specimen

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3
Q

Avoids external contamination - may introduce infection

A

Catheterization

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4
Q

Clean external genital area

First and last stream of urine voided: midstream collected

A

Midstream clean catch specimen

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5
Q

Specimen of CHOICE for BACTERIAL CULTURE in routine circumstances

A

Midstream clean catch specimen

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6
Q

Insertion of CATHETER directly into bladder via URETHRA

A

Catheterization

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7
Q

Sterile, plastic collection bag placed over genital area with adhesive

A

Pediatric specimen

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8
Q

Pediatric specimen bag should be checked every?

A

Every 15 minutes

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9
Q

Many sources of contamination

A

Pediatric specimen

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10
Q

Insert NEEDLE through suprapubic abdominal area directly into bladder

A

Suprapubic aspiration

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11
Q

FAVOURABLE specimen for bacterial culture: INVASIVE procedure

A

Suprapubic aspiration

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12
Q

Collected over 24-hour period

A

24 Hour urine

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13
Q

Urine should be analyzed for:

A

within 1 hour

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14
Q

Used for quantitative urine studies

A

24 Hour urine

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15
Q

First specimen discarded while all others collected

A

24 hour urine

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16
Q

What increases when prolonged sitting of specimens at room temperature?

A

↑ INCREASED ↑

▪ Nitirite
▪ pH
▪ Turbidity

T-P-N

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17
Q

Completeness of collection of 24 hour urine is monitored by

A

Creatinine levels

> 1.0 mg/dL

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18
Q

Changes in urine color is due to?

A

▪ Oxidation
▪ Reduction of metabolites

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19
Q

What decreases when prolonged sitting of specimens at room temperature?

A

↓ DECREASED ↓

▪ Glucose
▪ Ketones
▪ Bilirubin
▪ Urobilinogen
▪ Cells and casts

B-U-C-K-G

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20
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT increases this chemical and GROWS BACTERIA

A

Nitrite

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21
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT increases this chemical and bacterial growth, red or white cells, or AMORPHOUS MATERIAL

A

Turbidity

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22
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT increases this chemical and UREA CONVERTED TO AMMONIA

A

pH

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23
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT decreases this chemical and VOLLATILIZATION - exposure to air

A

Ketones

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24
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT decreases this chemical and GLYCOLYSIS due to BACTERIA AND YEAST

A

Glucose

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25
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT decreases this chemical and exposure to LIGHT

A

Bilirubin

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26
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT decreases this chemical and lysis

A

Cells and casts

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27
Q

Preservation method of choice

A

Refrigeration

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28
Q

Prolonged sitting of urine in RT decreases this chemical and OXIDIZED TO UROBILIN

A

Urobilinogen

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29
Q

This could result in precipitation of AMORPHOUS CRYSTALS

A

Refrigeration

30
Q

How many hours for refrigeration?

A

24 hours

31
Q

What to do after removing the specimen from the ref?

A

Let it return to ROOM TEMPERATURE BEFORE testing

32
Q

How long to let it sit in ROOM TEMP after removing it in the ref?

A

approx. 15 minutes

33
Q

Not evaluated, but may provide clue to constituents

A

Odor

34
Q

What is associated when urine smells MOUSY?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

34
Q

What is associated when urine smells FRUITY?

A

Ketones

34
Q

What is associated when urine smells AMMONIA?

A

Old urine

35
Q

What is associated when urine smells MAPPLE SYRUP?

A

Maple syrup disease

35
Q

What is the COLOR of normal urine?

A

Pale yellow (STRAW) to Yellow

35
Q

What makes the urine cloudy?

A

Cells
Casts
Crystals
Bacteria

35
Q

What is the CLARITY of normal urine?

A

Clear

36
Q

pH of normal urine

A

slightly acid
pH 6.0

37
Q

It gives the urine its normal color

A

Urochrome

38
Q

Sample that is 2 hours after eating

A

Postprandial sample

38
Q

pH of random urine

A

4.5 - 8.0

39
Q

This sample may be alkaline

A

Postprandial sample

40
Q

Abnormal colors of Urine:

A

▪ Red
▪ Red- Brown
▪ Yellow - Brown
▪ Amber-Yellow-Green
▪ Yellow Orange
▪ Bright Yellow
▪ Dark Yellow
▪ Brown-Black
▪ Blue
▪ Green/Blue-Green
▪ Port Wine

41
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Hemoglobin
▪ Red blood cells
▪ Myoglobin
▪ Porphyrin
▪ Uroerythrin

A

Red

42
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Hemoglobin
▪ RBC’s
▪ Myoglobin

A

Red-Brown

42
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Bilirubin
▪ Biliverdin

A

Yellow-Brown
Amber-Yellow-Green

43
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Bilirubin
▪ Urobilin
▪ PYRIDIUM (drug)

A

Yellow-Orange

44
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Vitamin C

A

Bright Yellow

44
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Concentrated specimen
▪ Bilirubin
▪ Urobilin

A

Dark-Yellow

45
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Methemoglobin
▪ Homogentisic acid
▪ Melanin

A

Brown-Black

46
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Indican (Tryptophane metabolic disorder)

A

Blue

47
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Old urine
▪ Pseudomonas

A

Green
Blue-Green

48
Q

What color with a substance of:

▪ Porphyrin

A

Port wine

49
Q

What happens when urine stands at room temperature for some time?

A

Becomes ALKALINE

50
Q

What happens to urine when it becomes metabolic or respiratory acidosis, high protein diet, or cranberry juice

A

Acidic

51
Q

Vegetarian

A

Alkaline

52
Q

Offers the simplest way to check the concentration and dilution function of the kidney tubules

A

Specific Gravity (SG)

53
Q

Normal SG of urine:

A

1.002 - 1.035

54
Q

SG of urine which is the highest in kidney that can concentrate

A

1.040

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The higher the SG, the deeper the color

A

TRUE

56
Q

A pale colored urine with high SG is probably due to?

A

Glucose

57
Q

Defect: ↓ Insulin
Polyuria: +
Polydipsia: +
SG: ↑
Glu: ↑
Ketones: ↑

A

Diabete Mellitus

58
Q

Defect: ↓ ADH/AVP
Polyuria: +
Polydipsia: +
SG: ↓
Glu: Normal
Ket: Normal

A

Diabetes Insipidus

59
Q

pKa change of electrolytes

A

Reagent strip

60
Q

Reagent strip is measured?

A

Indirect - Colorimetric

61
Q

No temperature corrections

Correct for large amount of PROTEIN ( - 0.003 for each gram) and GLUCOSE (- 0.004 for each gram)

A

Refractometer -TS

62
Q

Refractometer is measured?

A

Refractive index

aubf (6 decks)

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