Cold War Flashcards by Charlie O'Mara

Conference 1

Where /when :Tehran 1943
Who : Churchill , Stalin and Roosevelt.
Why : reach agreements on fighting ww1 + grand alliance

Immediate effects - fight against hitler in Europe and USSR would declare war on Asia. Poland was disagreed upon

Cold War impact - Tension over second . Stalin felt that he was doing all the fighting. 20 million dead Russians as west front was slow

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Conference 2

Where / when : Yalta 1945
Who : Churchill , Stalin and Roosevelt.
Why : likely to win war had it make after war plan

Immediate effects : some agreements made alliance strong. Disagree over Poland. Disagree about Germany fines. Did work together though.

Cold War impact : democracy after ww11 was agreed but this meant different things to them. The alliance was only held together by their common enemy

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Conference 3

Where / when Potsdam 1945
Who : Stalin , Truman , Attlee
Why : hitler had been defeated so to assure peace after war

Immediate effects : Germany was divided and so was Berlin
West was controlled by UK , US and France. East was controlled by Soviet Union. Reparations were not to heavy - USSR took more from their zones. $20 billion given to the USSR from Germany

Cold War impact :
Leaders were different - Attlee inexperienced and Truman was tough on Stalin

The atomic bomb had made Stalin defensive , suspicious and paranoid
WW11 was over so they had no common enemy

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Truman doctrine and marshal plan

1947
The USA would help rebuild Europe
Gave $17 billion in aid
Including 400 million In military aid to Greece and Turkey

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What was Trizonia

USA , UK and France combining their zones in Germany. They created a new currency Deutsche Mark. This resulted in west and east Germany
1948

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Berlin blockade

Stalin blocked the pathway to Berlin in an attempt to humiliate the leaders of trizonia as they Would be forced to give it up because the people were running out of basic needs.

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Berlin airlift

1948 - “Operation Vittles”
1,000 tonnes of basic needs delivered per day by US pilots
January 1949 - 170,000 tonnes in one month
1949 - Stalin removeed
Plane every 4 minutes
Candy bomber
3 airports

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Causes of the Hungarian uprising

Rakoski - cruel and brutal. He killed opponents and imprisoned 200000

October 1956 - riots in Budapest and Stalin statue was torn down

Nagy became PM - made big reforms including a free speech , free elections and shut down the AVO ( secret police )

Khrushchev accepted the reforms initially but then Nagy asked to leave the Warsaw Pact of 1955

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Hungarian uprising events

1000 soviet tanks
2000 Hungarians killed
20000 wounded
200000 refugees fled to Austria
80000 fled to USA
USA did nothing
1956

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Hungarian uprising consequences

Nagy arrested taken to Moscow and executed
New leader was the strict Janos Kadar
Condemned by USA and UN but nothing more
1956 olympics in Melbourne was boycotted by Spain , Netherlands and Sweden in protest

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Prague spring causes

Alexander Dubcek became leader of czechoslovakia in 1968
- made reforms which allowed freedom of speech , travel and ended censorship
- wanted czechoslovakia to be communist but wanted a socialist nation with a human face
- reassure Brezhnev that they wouldn’t leave the Warsaw pact of 1955

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Prague spring events

Brezhnev told dubcek his actions and reforms were to far but dubcek did nothing

Czechoslovakia was invaded by 500000 Warsaw pact troops

Dubcek told Czech people not to fight. They threw flowers instead.

Less than 100 were killed

Jan Palach - day him self on fire and died in protest

Dubcek was arrested and sent to Moscow

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Prague spring consequences

Dubcek forced to sign the Moscow protocol which reversed his reforms. He was replaced by the strict Gustav Husak.

Brezhnev doctrine - no country will leave the Warsaw pact

USA did not get involved but condemned actions

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Causes of the Cuban revolution

Fed up with American influence in Cuba
Cubans were poor and wanted freedom
USA controlled industry

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Cuban revolution events

1959
Fidel Castro and Che Guevara leads a revolution to takeover Havana and nationalise us businesses

They stopped trading with USA and started trading sugar and tobacco with USSR

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Consequences of the Cuban revolution

Cuba is eventually communist
Cuba allied to USSR
USA worried about Cuba
Missile crisis
Bay of pigs

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Causes of the bay of pigs

Kennedy did not want a communist ally close to American territory

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Bay of pigs event

1961
Kennedy sends 1400 Cuban exiles to land on Cuba
20000 Cuban soldiers outnumbered them
They failed to gain support of Cuban people

Bay of pigs consequences

USA humiliated
Kennedy looks weak
USSR and Cuba become closer
Cuban missile crisis

Cuban missile crisis causes

USSR were arming Cuba
USA could not allow this direct threat and they were scared

Cuban missile crisis events

USA spy on missiles in Cuban with the U2 spy plane
USSR are sending more missiles
USA put a 400 mile blockade around Cuba
1962
USSR turn ships around JFK vs Khrushchev
World very close to war for 15 days

Consequences of the Cuban missile crisis

Hotline
Test ban treaty
Khrushchev sacked
Fear
Countries to avoid war
Detente

Causes of detente

To avoid nuclear war between USA and USSR
MAD
Run out of money

Detente events

A peaceful period in the Cold War 1969-1979
Brezhnev and Nixon met in Moscow (1972)
Apollo Soyuz - space meeting
Summits and treaty’s

Consequences of detente

Less nuclear weapons Better relations Easing of tension USSR weakened by USA working around SALT 1 and Helsinki accords

SALT 1 causes

To reduce the number of nuclear weapons making the world safer

SALT 1 events

USA & USSR Nixon and Brezhnev USA = 1054 ICBMs USSR = 1618 ICBMs Both = 740 SLBMs Limit submarines They set out rules for use USA have better , strategic bombers so USSR get more ICBMs

Consequences of SALT 1

Less nuclear weapons USA developed better missiles More detente

Helsinki accords causes

Detente

Helsinki accords events

NATO + Warsaw pact 1975 3 baskets created European borders , international cooperation , human rights

Helsinki accords consequences

Apollo Soyuz space meeting Trade between USA and USSR grain bought by USSR Better relations More detente USSR will become more reliable on USA USSR will not be able to stick to human rights

SALT 2 causes

To resolve any issues not covered in salt 1 Detente

Salt 2 events

Carter , Brezhnev 1979 To complicated and never got signed

Salt 2 consequences

Detente ends

Geneva summit

1985 Reagan and Gorbachev meet Eased tension and Reagan and Gorbachev got along and saw this as an opportunity to end the Cold War

INF treaty

1987 Removed all missiles that had a 500-5500km range (Intermediate-Range Nuclear forces) This worked better than salt 1

Gorbachev’s new thinking

1985 - Gorbachev became leader of the USSR - he recognised the economy was failing - new the USSR could not compete with the USA - Glasnost (openness) people had more freedom to say what they really thought - Perestroika (restructuring) meant a new way of doing things - Improved foreign relations

Reagan and the second Cold War Why did the relations deteriorate

1979-84 The Olympic boycotts (1980 Moscow and 84 LA) Reagan was very anti communist SDI Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

What was Reagan’s SDI

Strategic Defence Initiative ‘Star wars’ in march 1983 Plan to have lasers , satellites and mirrors in space to destroy Soviet missiles This would defeat the MAD strategy as the USA would have a huge advantage

What were the consequences of SDI

Damaged East-West relations Soviet Union argued that It broke the 1967 outer space treaty Soviet negotiators walked out of arms control talks in Geneva 1983

Causes of the fall of the Berlin Wall

1988 Gorbachev ends the Brezhnev Doctrine 1989 Hungary opens its borders to East Germans which means you could effectively travel to west Germany The eastern bloc breakup as Gorbachev announces those countries can go their own way

Fall of the Berlin Wall

1989 Gunter Schabowski - announced that East Germans could travel to west Germany that night 9 November huge crowds gathered and the wall was knocked down

Consequences of the fall of the Berlin Wall

End of the Warsaw pact 1991 Soviet troops withdrew from Eastern Europe 1990 onwards NATO expanded to countries formerly in the Warsaw pact Hungary and Poland End of the Cold War Collapse of the USSR

Collapse of the USSR 1989-1991

Breakup of the eastern bloc meant many countries had revolutions to remove communist governments - Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria , Romania ( violent ) Baltic states left USSR 25 December 1991 Gorbachev resigned as president and announced dissolution of the Soviet Union Many people felt he had betrayed communism