Cold War

Question 1

Main parts about Tehran 1943 (Nov-Dec)

Answer 1

• Agreed about spheres of influence after the war

- Western allies agreed to launch attack on Germany from the West (D-Day)

Question 2

Main parts about Yalta 1945 (Feb)

Answer 2

-Mostly agreements to do with what happens after the war
-Russia to help US defeat Japan
Work for ‘democracy’ in Europe. Set up UN
-Disagreed about definition of democracy

Question 3

Main parts about Potsdam 1945 (Jul-Aug)

Answer 3

• Mostly agreements to do with Germany Ban -Nazi party and prosecute war criminals
• Reduce size of Germany
• Divide Germany and Berlin into 4 zones (USSR, Britain, France, USA)

Question 4

What were the key features of the marshall plan?

Answer 4

• The USA gave $13 billion in ‘Marshall aid’ to 16 Western European countries
• The USSR criticised the Marshall Plan as an attack on them

Question 5

What were the key features about the Truman doctrine?

Answer 5

-USA had to stop the spread of Communism
-To do this it should provide troops and money
to countries in danger of communist takeovers

Question 6

What was the effects of trizonia?

Answer 6

• Led to the formation of East and West Germany

- Led to the Berlin Blockade

Question 7

What were the key features of the Berlin Blockade 1948-49?

Answer 7

• The USSR blocked all supplies to Berlin to show it had the power to stop Germany from working
• The USA, couldn’t pull out of Berlin or it would look weak so instead it responded with an airlift

Question 8

What was the aim of cominform?

Answer 8

To control Communist Parties and ensure loyalty of Eastern European governments

Question 9

What was the aim of comecon (1949)?

Answer 9

To encourage economic development of Eastern Europe (Stalin’s answer to the Marshall Plan)

Question 10

What was the impact of the Berlin blockade on the USA?

Answer 10

• Made US look peaceful and generous

- US took more agressive stance against USSR

Question 11

What was the impact of the Berlin Blockade on the USSR?

Answer 11

• Made USSR look agressive and threatening

- Problem of western presence in Berlin not solved.

Question 12

What was the ‘Iron Curtain’ (1946) speech and its effects?

Answer 12

• Churchill implies Communism is a threat to Europe

- Greater tensions between West and the East.

Question 13

What was the effect of the Long and Noviak telegrams (1946)?

Answer 13

Confirmed distrust between the West and the East

Question 14

What is NATO?

Answer 14

NATO is a defensive alliance set up between Western Countries in 1949 to counter Soviet millitary threat.

Question 15

What was the Warsaw pact?

Answer 15

In response to West Germany joining NATO the Warsaw pact was set up in 1955. It consisted of the USSR and other E.European countries.

Question 16

What was De-Stalinistation?

Answer 16

Stalin died in 1953 and Russia’s new leader Khrushchev promised a more liberal and less oppressive approach to ruling USSR

Question 17

What caused the Hungarian uprising(1956)?

Answer 17

De-Stalinisation and Khrushchev’s ‘Secret Speech’ gave Hungarians hope that there would be reform in Hungary.

Question 18

What were the key features of the Hungarian uprising(1956)?

Answer 18

• Khrushchev made Imre Nagy Prime Minister,
• Nagy then announced he wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact
• This led to Khrushchev sending in 200,000 troops and 1,000 tanks.

Question 19

What were the effects of the Hungarian Uprising(1956)?

Answer 19

• USA condemned the invasion.
• Showed West wouldn’t get involved with helping satellite states break free.
• Sent strong message to countries that were thinking of leaving.

Question 20

What was the cause of the Berlin wall?

Answer 20

It was to stop the Refugee crisis where people of high inteligence would move to west Germany.

Question 21

How was the Berlin wall a sucess to Khrushchev?

Answer 21

• It allowed Khrushchev to avoid war with the USA but still look strong.
• Stopped refugee crisis.

Question 22

How was the Berlin wall unsuccessful to Khrushchev?

Answer 22

• Unable to force the West out of Berlin.

- Humiliation to the soviets

Question 23

How was the Berlin wall a sucess to Kennedy?

Answer 23

• Avoided war

- Propaganda victory

Question 24

How was the Berlin wall unsuccessful to Kennedy?

Answer 24

• Limited freedom to the American people looked a bit weak.

Question 25

What was the effect of Kennedy’s ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ speech?

Answer 25

• Became a symbol of freedom in West Berlin.
• Kennedy praised freedom of West and contrasted with controlling of the East.
• Worsened relations between West and East.

Question 26

What was the Berlin Ultimatum?

Answer 26

1958 Khrushchev gave Western powers 6 months to agree to withdraw from Berlin and make it a free, demilitarized city.

Question 27

What caused the Cuban missile crisis?

Answer 27

• In 1959 a communist revolution in Cuba but Fidel Castro in to power.
• America did not like having a communist neighbour so close to its borders and within missile range of its cities.

Question 28

What were the effects of the Bay of Pigs incident: On 17th April 1961?

Answer 28

• It was a complete failure and America looked very bad in the eyes of the other countries in the world.
• Castro knew about the invasion in advance and had the support of his people.

Question 29

Why did USSR send missiles to Cuba?

Answer 29

• USSR were annoyed that the USA had missile bases in the UK and Turkey that could bomb its cities, they wanted to be able to retaliate against the USA

Question 30

How was the Cuban missile crisis solved? 1962

Answer 30

• Kennedy setup naval blockade and the soviet ships turned around.
• USA and USSR agree to secret deal that will remove US missiles from Italy and Turkey if USSR remove missiles from Cuba.

Question 31

What were the consequences of the Cuban missile crisis?

Answer 31

• Direct communication lines were set up between Moscow and Washington.
• Outer Space treaty between USA and USSR so millitary could not be used in Space.
• Test ban treaty
• Nuclear non-proliferation treaty.

Question 32

What caused Prague spring?

Answer 32

• Czechoslovakia’s economy and living standards had declined
• Any opposition to Communism was crushed
• Communist rule had become very unpopular

Question 33

What was Dubcek’s ‘Socialism with a human face’?

Answer 33

• Relax press censorship
• Make it legal to have more than one political party
• More trade with West.

Question 34

What happened during Prague spring? 1968

Answer 34

• Breznhev sent troop to Prague to arrest Dubcek who was taken to Moscow to reverse his reforms.
• Innocent people were killed/harmed.

Question 35

What were the effects of the invasion of czechoslovakia?

Answer 35

• The Brezhnev doctrine was established where USSR claimed the right to invade any Eastern European country that was threatening the security of the whole of Eastern Europe

Question 36

What was détente?

Answer 36

A period of comparitive reduction in tension in super power relations.

Question 37

What were some effects of detente?

Answer 37

• Apollo-Soyuz Mission (1975) saw USA and USSR co-operation in space
• Helsinki Agreements (1975) saw agreements between USA and USSR on Security, Co-operation (economic and scientific) and Human Rights.

Question 38

Wahat was so significant about the Kabul Revolution (April 1978)?

Answer 38

gave Brezhnev an opportunity to extend his power by invading Afghanistan

Question 39

What effect did the invasion of Afghanistan have on the Cold war? 1979

Answer 39

• The Carter Doctrine severely increased tensions between USA/USSR
• Led to the ‘Second Cold War’ and Reagan’s ‘Evil Empire’ Speech and Reagan’s Star Wars policy.
• War lasts 10 years and 1.5 million are killed including 15,000 Russian soldiers

Question 40

What was SALT 1 1972?

Answer 40

Imposed limitations of nuclear capability of both super powers.
- No further production of Strategic ballistic missiles.

• Agreements on nuclear submarines.

First agreement to limit nuclear weapons.

Question 41

What was the carter doctrine?

Answer 41

US would not allow the Soviets to gain control of territory in the middle west.

Question 42

What were some consequences of the Invasion of Afghanistan?

Answer 42

US led boycott of the Moscow Olympics 1980 and USSR retaliated at LA in 1984.

Carter withdrew support for SALT II.

Question 43

What caused the Soviet Union to collapse in 1991?

Answer 43

Gorbachev’s Glasnost (transparency) and Perestroika (restructing Soviet economy) led to increased desire for change across E.Europe and this made communist regimes collapse.