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UM Classes > CogPsych Exam 2 > Flashcards

CogPsych Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory

A

the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information when the original information is no longer present

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2
Q

all other cognitive functions _____

A

depend on memory

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3
Q

the modal model of memory

A

sensory, short term, and long term

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4
Q

sensory memory capacity

A

holds information for 200ms, very large capacity

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5
Q

two types of sensory memory

A

visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic)

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6
Q

if we don’t attend to this type of memory, we forget it

A

sensory memory

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7
Q

short term memory capacity

A

holds information for 15-20 seconds, 5-7 items

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8
Q

long term memory capacity

A

holds an infinite amount of information for an indefinite period of time (anything over 20 seconds)

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9
Q

which type of memory is constantly being overwritten by new information

A

sensory

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10
Q

proactive interference

A

previously learned information interferes with learning new information

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11
Q

short term memory “decay” is actually due to

A

proactive interference

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12
Q

retroactive interference

A

new learning interferes with remembering old learning

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13
Q

short term memory is better with

A

numbers > letters > words

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14
Q

chunking

A

small units of information that can be combined into larger, more meaningful units

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15
Q

working/baddeley’s model of memory

A

a type of short term memory between long term and short term

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16
Q

parts of working memory

A

phonological loop, central executive center, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad

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17
Q

central executive center function

A

focuses, switches, and divides attention between the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad; suppresses irrelevant information

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18
Q

episodic buffer function

A

holds information longer than the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad (communicates with LTM and WM)

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19
Q

phonological loop function

A

short term memory for verbal and auditory info (including written)

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20
Q

visuospatial sketchpad function

A

short term memory for visual info

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21
Q

murdock serial position curve

A

explains how our memory is affected by the position of information in a sequence (i.e primacy and recency effect)

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22
Q

primacy effect

A

we tend to remember information we heard first better (they get more time for rehearsal)

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23
Q

recency effect

A

we tend to remember information we heard last better (they are just more recent)

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24
Q

____ is encoded into our long term memory

A

meaning

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25
Q

damage to the hippocampus means people cannot form

A

long term memories

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26
Q

there is a double dissociation between

A

hippocampus and LTM and parietal and STM

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27
Q

episodic memory

A

personally experienced events

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28
Q

semantic memory

A

basic facts and knowledge

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29
Q

damaged hippocampus means

A

no episodic memory

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30
Q

damaged encephalitis

A

no semantic memory

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31
Q

semanticization

A

the process by which episodic memory slowly becomes semantic

32
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious memory where we KNOW we are remembering something (aka declarative memory)

33
Q

implicit memory

A

unconscious memory, we DON’T REALIZE memory is influencing our actions (aka nondeclarative memory)

34
Q

explicit memory tasks

A

recall (people remember as much as possible w/o help) and recognition (people decide if prompts are old/new)

35
Q

types of implicit memory

A

procedural, priming, and classical conditioning

36
Q

types of explicit memory

A

episodic, semantic

37
Q

deep encoding has an impact on

A

episodic memory more, not semantic

38
Q

mere exposure effect

A

people like things that they see more (leads to the propaganda effect)

39
Q

encoding

A

transferring info from working memory to long term memory

40
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating something over and over to keep it in short term memory

41
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

memory rehearsal that transfers info from short term to long term

42
Q

retrieval

A

transferring info from long term memory to working memory

43
Q

shallow processing

A

focus on physical features, leads to poor memory

44
Q

deep processing

A

focuses on meaning and actual comprehension

45
Q

forms of deep encoding

A

visual imagery, self reference effect, organization (and generating information)

46
Q

forms of elaborative rehearsal

A

organizing information (minimizes the effect of proactive and retroactive interference)

47
Q

retrieval cues

A

make it easier to pull things from long term memory

48
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

studying in the same way you will be tested = better retrieval

49
Q

consolidation happens in

A

long term memory

50
Q

synaptic consolidation

A

happens QUICKLY at the synapses

51
Q

systems consolidation

A

happens slowly over months/years

52
Q

steps to system consolidation

A

1) strong interaction between hippocampus & other parts of cortex
2) reactivation; interactions are replayed
3) interconnections between the cortex areas grow, hippocampus no longer needed

53
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

supports the idea of consolidation; things that happened far before an accident are remembered better than right before it (see GRADED AMNESIA)

54
Q

are memories permanent

A

not really, they consolidate over long periods of time but retrieving them makes them fragile and vulnerable to being altered

55
Q

episodic memory is

A

constructed; we make inferences about what happened as we remember

56
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about thinking; judgements about your own memory

57
Q

autobiographical memories have

A

more/better dimension

58
Q

reminiscence bump

A

between the ages of ~10-30, people produce the most memories during free recall tasks (most likely because they are tied to identity)

59
Q

well remembered events tend to have

A

emotional meaning

60
Q

flashbulb memories

A

memories of traumatic events; CAN be changed and are NOT necessarily accurate

61
Q

cryptoamnesia

A

not recognizing the return of an old memory as a memory, but instead regarding it as a new or original thought or idea (leads to unintentional plagiarism)

62
Q

source monitoring errors/source confusion

A

how errors in memory appear, people forget where information they heard came from

63
Q

pragmatic inferences

A

thinking something happened based on past experiences; “filling in the blanks”

64
Q

misinformation effect

A

misleading information presented after witnessing an event can change later recall (MPI- misleading post event info)

65
Q

false memories

A

people can believe fake memories happened (esp if theres a photo)

66
Q

errors in eyewitness testimony

A

can be prevented by not having the perp in the lineup, showing photographs, and include fillers in the lineup

67
Q

errors due to attention

A

weapon focus (dont look at the perpetrator and instead focus on the gun)

68
Q

errors due to suggestion

A

suggestive questioning and confirming feedback

69
Q

inattentional blindness and change blindness

A

not knowing a change or something obvious because of a lack of attention (gorilla basketball)

70
Q

inattentional blindness and change blindness suggest

A

selective attention; we are not aware of what we don’t attend to

71
Q

necessary

A

a is necessary for b if b cannot occur without a

72
Q

sufficient

A

a is not sufficient for b if a doesn’t guarantee b

73
Q

it is widely believed that attention is _____ for stimulus awareness

A

necessary but not sufficient

74
Q

cognitive control

A

the ability to voluntarily switch a response to a stimuli

75
Q

jacoby’s process dissociation procedure

A

all memory has both conscious and unconscious aspects; nothing is process pure

76
Q

jacoby’s findings

A

unconscious memory exists and is not controllable, cognitive control could be a correlate of consciousness

77
Q

jacoby’s equation

A

inclusion - exclusion = conscious memory

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