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UM Classes > CogPsych Exam 2 > Flashcards

CogPsych Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory

A

the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information when the original information is no longer present

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2
Q

all other cognitive functions _____

A

depend on memory

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3
Q

the modal model of memory

A

sensory, short term, and long term

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4
Q

sensory memory capacity

A

holds information for 200ms, very large capacity

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5
Q

two types of sensory memory

A

visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic)

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6
Q

if we don’t attend to this type of memory, we forget it

A

sensory memory

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7
Q

short term memory capacity

A

holds information for 15-20 seconds, 5-7 items

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8
Q

long term memory capacity

A

holds an infinite amount of information for an indefinite period of time (anything over 20 seconds)

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9
Q

which type of memory is constantly being overwritten by new information

A

sensory

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10
Q

proactive interference

A

previously learned information interferes with learning new information

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11
Q

short term memory “decay” is actually due to

A

proactive interference

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12
Q

retroactive interference

A

new learning interferes with remembering old learning

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13
Q

short term memory is better with

A

numbers > letters > words

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14
Q

chunking

A

small units of information that can be combined into larger, more meaningful units

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15
Q

working/baddeley’s model of memory

A

a type of short term memory between long term and short term

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16
Q

parts of working memory

A

phonological loop, central executive center, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad

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17
Q

central executive center function

A

focuses, switches, and divides attention between the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad; suppresses irrelevant information

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18
Q

episodic buffer function

A

holds information longer than the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad (communicates with LTM and WM)

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19
Q

phonological loop function

A

short term memory for verbal and auditory info (including written)

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20
Q

visuospatial sketchpad function

A

short term memory for visual info

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21
Q

murdock serial position curve

A

explains how our memory is affected by the position of information in a sequence (i.e primacy and recency effect)

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22
Q

primacy effect

A

we tend to remember information we heard first better (they get more time for rehearsal)

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23
Q

recency effect

A

we tend to remember information we heard last better (they are just more recent)

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24
Q

____ is encoded into our long term memory

A

meaning

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25
damage to the hippocampus means people cannot form
long term memories
26
there is a double dissociation between
hippocampus and LTM and parietal and STM
27
episodic memory
personally experienced events
28
semantic memory
basic facts and knowledge
29
damaged hippocampus means
no episodic memory
30
damaged encephalitis
no semantic memory
31
semanticization
the process by which episodic memory slowly becomes semantic
32
explicit memory
conscious memory where we KNOW we are remembering something (aka declarative memory)
33
implicit memory
unconscious memory, we DON'T REALIZE memory is influencing our actions (aka nondeclarative memory)
34
explicit memory tasks
recall (people remember as much as possible w/o help) and recognition (people decide if prompts are old/new)
35
types of implicit memory
procedural, priming, and classical conditioning
36
types of explicit memory
episodic, semantic
37
deep encoding has an impact on
episodic memory more, not semantic
38
mere exposure effect
people like things that they see more (leads to the propaganda effect)
39
encoding
transferring info from working memory to long term memory
40
maintenance rehearsal
repeating something over and over to keep it in short term memory
41
elaborative rehearsal
memory rehearsal that transfers info from short term to long term
42
retrieval
transferring info from long term memory to working memory
43
shallow processing
focus on physical features, leads to poor memory
44
deep processing
focuses on meaning and actual comprehension
45
forms of deep encoding
visual imagery, self reference effect, organization (and generating information)
46
forms of elaborative rehearsal
organizing information (minimizes the effect of proactive and retroactive interference)
47
retrieval cues
make it easier to pull things from long term memory
48
transfer appropriate processing
studying in the same way you will be tested = better retrieval
49
consolidation happens in
long term memory
50
synaptic consolidation
happens QUICKLY at the synapses
51
systems consolidation
happens slowly over months/years
52
steps to system consolidation
1) strong interaction between hippocampus & other parts of cortex 2) reactivation; interactions are replayed 3) interconnections between the cortex areas grow, hippocampus no longer needed
53
retrograde amnesia
supports the idea of consolidation; things that happened far before an accident are remembered better than right before it (see GRADED AMNESIA)
54
are memories permanent
not really, they consolidate over long periods of time but retrieving them makes them fragile and vulnerable to being altered
55
episodic memory is
constructed; we make inferences about what happened as we remember
56
metacognition
thinking about thinking; judgements about your own memory
57
autobiographical memories have
more/better dimension
58
reminiscence bump
between the ages of ~10-30, people produce the most memories during free recall tasks (most likely because they are tied to identity)
59
well remembered events tend to have
emotional meaning
60
flashbulb memories
memories of traumatic events; CAN be changed and are NOT necessarily accurate
61
cryptoamnesia
not recognizing the return of an old memory as a memory, but instead regarding it as a new or original thought or idea (leads to unintentional plagiarism)
62
source monitoring errors/source confusion
how errors in memory appear, people forget where information they heard came from
63
pragmatic inferences
thinking something happened based on past experiences; "filling in the blanks"
64
misinformation effect
misleading information presented after witnessing an event can change later recall (MPI- misleading post event info)
65
false memories
people can believe fake memories happened (esp if theres a photo)
66
errors in eyewitness testimony
can be prevented by not having the perp in the lineup, showing photographs, and include fillers in the lineup
67
errors due to attention
weapon focus (dont look at the perpetrator and instead focus on the gun)
68
errors due to suggestion
suggestive questioning and confirming feedback
69
inattentional blindness and change blindness
not knowing a change or something obvious because of a lack of attention (gorilla basketball)
70
inattentional blindness and change blindness suggest
selective attention; we are not aware of what we don't attend to
71
necessary
a is necessary for b if b cannot occur without a
72
sufficient
a is not sufficient for b if a doesn't guarantee b
73
it is widely believed that attention is _____ for stimulus awareness
necessary but not sufficient
74
cognitive control
the ability to voluntarily switch a response to a stimuli
75
jacoby's process dissociation procedure
all memory has both conscious and unconscious aspects; nothing is process pure
76
jacoby's findings
unconscious memory exists and is not controllable, cognitive control could be a correlate of consciousness
77
jacoby's equation
inclusion - exclusion = conscious memory

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