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UM Classes > Bio Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the genetic code used for all life on earth

A

DNA

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2
Q

-smaller cell
-less complex
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotic cell

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3
Q

-larger
-more complex
-has a nucleus
-has membrane - bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cell

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4
Q

what are the three domains?

A

bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

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5
Q

what kind of cell type is the bacteria domain

A

prokaryotic

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6
Q

what kind of cell type is the archaea domain

A

prokaryotic

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7
Q

what kind of cell type is the eukarya domain

A

eukaryotic

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8
Q

what are the 3 kingdoms of eukarya

A

plants, fungi, and animals (+ protists; NOT a kingdom)

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9
Q

what is the LUCA cell

A

the last universal common ancestor; where the 3 domains of life originated from

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10
Q

what are the steps of the scientific inquiry process

A

observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing the hypothesis

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11
Q

the independent variable is

A

the one that we change

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12
Q

the dependent variable is

A

the one that we measure/see the effect on

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13
Q

what are the 4 most abundant elements in living organisms (in order)

A

oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen

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14
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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15
Q

atomic mass

A

the average mass of all isotopes of an element

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16
Q

mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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17
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost shell

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18
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons on the outermost shell

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19
Q

isotope

A

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

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20
Q

ionic bond

A

full transfer of elections; produces a cation and anion

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21
Q

covalent bond

A

the sharing of electrons; can be polar or nonpolar

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22
Q

hydrogen bond

A

bond between a hydrogen atom and a polar molecule

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23
Q

van der waals interactions

A

the uneven distribution of electrons

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24
Q

electronegativity

A

how badly an atom wants electrons; high electronegativity = wants electrons

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25
Q

4 main properties of water

A

cohesion and adhesion, lower density as a solid, ability to moderate temperature (high heat of evaporation/specific heat) and universal solvent

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26
Q

H+ makes things

A

more acidic; lowers pH

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27
Q

OH- makes things

A

more basic; raises pH

28
Q

what is a buffer

A

keeps the pH in a narrow range so life can exist; releases OH- if its too acidic and H+ if its too basic

29
Q

organic compounds contain

A

a carbon hydrogen bond

30
Q

only ____ are hydrophobic

A

lipids

31
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a molecule that contains ONLY hydrogen and carbon

32
Q

structural isomers

A

different covalent arrangement of atoms

33
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

geometric isomers; have double bonds that are flexible and result in different spatial arrangements

34
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of eachother (important in pharmaceuticals; some enantiomers are not effective)

35
Q

dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

A

builds polymers; removes H2O

36
Q

hydrolysis

A

break down polymers; adds H2O

37
Q

monomer

A

a piece of a polymer

38
Q

monomers are combined though ____ bonds to form polymers

A

covalent

39
Q

monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

40
Q

polymers of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

41
Q

type of linkage for carbohydrate polymers

A

glycosidic linkages

42
Q

monomers of fats

A

fatty acids

43
Q

polymers of fats

A

triacylglycerols

44
Q

type of linkage for fat polymers

A

ester linkages

45
Q

monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

46
Q

polymers of proteins

A

polypeptides

47
Q

type of linkage for protein polymers

A

peptide bonds

48
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

49
Q

polymers of nucleic acids

A

polyneucleotides

50
Q

type of linkage for nucleic acid polymers

A

phosphodiester linkages

51
Q

4 main polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

52
Q

-helix
-alpha linkages (same facing)
-can be hydrolyzed

A

starch

53
Q

-straight
-beta linkages (opposite facing)
-cannot be hydrolyzed

A

cellulose

53
Q

-has as many hydrogen as possible
-trans fats
-solid @ room temp

A

saturated fatty acid

54
Q

-has double bonds (fewer hydrogen)
-cis fats
-liquid @ room temp

A

unsaturated fatty acid

55
Q

all amino acids have

A

an amine group and a carboxyl group; they differ in their functional groups

56
Q

primary protein structure

A

the number and order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (peptide bonds)

57
Q

secondary protein structure

A

the turns/folds in the polypeptide chains; alpha helix vs beta pleated sheet (hydrogen bonds)

58
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

results form interactions between amino acid R groups (ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds; sulfur atoms)

59
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

results from two polypeptide chains interacting (covalent bonds)

60
Q

denature

A

loosing form and thus function of a protein

61
Q

-AGCT
-deoxyribose
-double strand

A

DNA

62
Q

-AGCU
-ribose
-single strand

A

RNA

63
Q

genomics

A

comparing gene sequences

64
Q

proteomics

A

comparing proteins

65
Q

pyrimidine

A

a single 6 member ring sugar (C,T,U)

66
Q

purine

A

a 6 member ring and a 5 member ring sugar (A, G)

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