Bio Exam 1

Question 1

what is the genetic code used for all life on earth

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

-smaller cell
-less complex
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles

Answer 2

prokaryotic cell

Question 3

-larger
-more complex
-has a nucleus
-has membrane - bound organelles

Answer 3

eukaryotic cell

Question 4

what are the three domains?

Answer 4

bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

Question 5

what kind of cell type is the bacteria domain

Answer 5

prokaryotic

Question 6

what kind of cell type is the archaea domain

Answer 6

prokaryotic

Question 7

what kind of cell type is the eukarya domain

Answer 7

eukaryotic

Question 8

what are the 3 kingdoms of eukarya

Answer 8

plants, fungi, and animals (+ protists; NOT a kingdom)

Question 9

what is the LUCA cell

Answer 9

the last universal common ancestor; where the 3 domains of life originated from

Question 10

what are the steps of the scientific inquiry process

Answer 10

observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing the hypothesis

Question 11

the independent variable is

Answer 11

the one that we change

Question 12

the dependent variable is

Answer 12

the one that we measure/see the effect on

Question 13

what are the 4 most abundant elements in living organisms (in order)

Answer 13

oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen

Question 14

atomic number

Answer 14

number of protons

Question 15

atomic mass

Answer 15

the average mass of all isotopes of an element

Question 16

mass number

Answer 16

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 17

valence shell

Answer 17

the outermost shell

Question 18

valence electrons

Answer 18

electrons on the outermost shell

Question 19

isotope

Answer 19

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

Question 20

ionic bond

Answer 20

full transfer of elections; produces a cation and anion

Question 21

covalent bond

Answer 21

the sharing of electrons; can be polar or nonpolar

Question 22

hydrogen bond

Answer 22

bond between a hydrogen atom and a polar molecule

Question 23

van der waals interactions

Answer 23

the uneven distribution of electrons

Question 24

electronegativity

Answer 24

how badly an atom wants electrons; high electronegativity = wants electrons

Question 25

4 main properties of water

Answer 25

cohesion and adhesion, lower density as a solid, ability to moderate temperature (high heat of evaporation/specific heat) and universal solvent

Question 26

H+ makes things

Answer 26

more acidic; lowers pH

Question 27

OH- makes things

Answer 27

more basic; raises pH

Question 28

what is a buffer

Answer 28

keeps the pH in a narrow range so life can exist; releases OH- if its too acidic and H+ if its too basic

Question 29

organic compounds contain

Answer 29

a carbon hydrogen bond

Question 30

only ____ are hydrophobic

Answer 30

lipids

Question 31

hydrocarbon

Answer 31

a molecule that contains ONLY hydrogen and carbon

Question 32

structural isomers

Answer 32

different covalent arrangement of atoms

Question 33

cis-trans isomers

Answer 33

geometric isomers; have double bonds that are flexible and result in different spatial arrangements

Question 34

enantiomers

Answer 34

isomers that are mirror images of eachother (important in pharmaceuticals; some enantiomers are not effective)

Question 35

dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

Answer 35

builds polymers; removes H2O

Question 36

hydrolysis

Answer 36

break down polymers; adds H2O

Question 37

monomer

Answer 37

a piece of a polymer

Question 38

monomers are combined though ____ bonds to form polymers

Answer 38

covalent

Question 39

monomers of carbohydrates

Answer 39

monosaccharides

Question 40

polymers of carbohydrates

Answer 40

polysaccharides

Question 41

type of linkage for carbohydrate polymers

Answer 41

glycosidic linkages

Question 42

monomers of fats

Answer 42

fatty acids

Question 43

polymers of fats

Answer 43

triacylglycerols

Question 44

type of linkage for fat polymers

Answer 44

ester linkages

Question 45

monomers of proteins

Answer 45

amino acids

Question 46

polymers of proteins

Answer 46

polypeptides

Question 47

type of linkage for protein polymers

Answer 47

peptide bonds

Question 48

monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 48

nucleotides

Question 49

polymers of nucleic acids

Answer 49

polyneucleotides

Question 50

type of linkage for nucleic acid polymers

Answer 50

phosphodiester linkages

Question 51

4 main polysaccharides

Answer 51

starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

Question 52

-helix -alpha linkages (same facing) -can be hydrolyzed

Answer 52

starch

Question 53

-straight -beta linkages (opposite facing) -cannot be hydrolyzed

Answer 53

cellulose

Question 53

-has as many hydrogen as possible -trans fats -solid @ room temp

Answer 53

saturated fatty acid

Question 54

-has double bonds (fewer hydrogen) -cis fats -liquid @ room temp

Answer 54

unsaturated fatty acid

Question 55

all amino acids have

Answer 55

an amine group and a carboxyl group; they differ in their functional groups

Question 56

primary protein structure

Answer 56

the number and order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (peptide bonds)

Question 57

secondary protein structure

Answer 57

the turns/folds in the polypeptide chains; alpha helix vs beta pleated sheet (hydrogen bonds)

Question 58

tertiary protein structure

Answer 58

results form interactions between amino acid R groups (ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds; sulfur atoms)

Question 59

quaternary protein structure

Answer 59

results from two polypeptide chains interacting (covalent bonds)

Question 60

denature

Answer 60

loosing form and thus function of a protein

Question 61

-AGCT -deoxyribose -double strand

Answer 61

DNA

Question 62

-AGCU -ribose -single strand

Answer 62

RNA

Question 63

genomics

Answer 63

comparing gene sequences

Question 64

proteomics

Answer 64

comparing proteins

Question 65

pyrimidine

Answer 65

a single 6 member ring sugar (C,T,U)

Question 66

purine

Answer 66

a 6 member ring and a 5 member ring sugar (A, G)