Bio Exam 1 Flashcards
what is the genetic code used for all life on earth
DNA
-smaller cell
-less complex
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic cell
-larger
-more complex
-has a nucleus
-has membrane - bound organelles
eukaryotic cell
what are the three domains?
bacteria, eukarya, and archaea
what kind of cell type is the bacteria domain
prokaryotic
what kind of cell type is the archaea domain
prokaryotic
what kind of cell type is the eukarya domain
eukaryotic
what are the 3 kingdoms of eukarya
plants, fungi, and animals (+ protists; NOT a kingdom)
what is the LUCA cell
the last universal common ancestor; where the 3 domains of life originated from
what are the steps of the scientific inquiry process
observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing the hypothesis
the independent variable is
the one that we change
the dependent variable is
the one that we measure/see the effect on
what are the 4 most abundant elements in living organisms (in order)
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
atomic number
number of protons
atomic mass
the average mass of all isotopes of an element
mass number
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
valence shell
the outermost shell
valence electrons
electrons on the outermost shell
isotope
atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
ionic bond
full transfer of elections; produces a cation and anion
covalent bond
the sharing of electrons; can be polar or nonpolar
hydrogen bond
bond between a hydrogen atom and a polar molecule
van der waals interactions
the uneven distribution of electrons
electronegativity
how badly an atom wants electrons; high electronegativity = wants electrons
4 main properties of water
cohesion and adhesion, lower density as a solid, ability to moderate temperature (high heat of evaporation/specific heat) and universal solvent
H+ makes things
more acidic; lowers pH
OH- makes things
more basic; raises pH
what is a buffer
keeps the pH in a narrow range so life can exist; releases OH- if its too acidic and H+ if its too basic
organic compounds contain
a carbon hydrogen bond
only ____ are hydrophobic
lipids
hydrocarbon
a molecule that contains ONLY hydrogen and carbon
structural isomers
different covalent arrangement of atoms
cis-trans isomers
geometric isomers; have double bonds that are flexible and result in different spatial arrangements
enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of eachother (important in pharmaceuticals; some enantiomers are not effective)
dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
builds polymers; removes H2O
hydrolysis
break down polymers; adds H2O
monomer
a piece of a polymer
monomers are combined though ____ bonds to form polymers
covalent
monomers of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
polymers of carbohydrates
polysaccharides
type of linkage for carbohydrate polymers
glycosidic linkages
monomers of fats
fatty acids
polymers of fats
triacylglycerols
type of linkage for fat polymers
ester linkages
monomers of proteins
amino acids
polymers of proteins
polypeptides
type of linkage for protein polymers
peptide bonds
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
polymers of nucleic acids
polyneucleotides
type of linkage for nucleic acid polymers
phosphodiester linkages
4 main polysaccharides
starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin
-helix
-alpha linkages (same facing)
-can be hydrolyzed
starch
-straight
-beta linkages (opposite facing)
-cannot be hydrolyzed
cellulose
-has as many hydrogen as possible
-trans fats
-solid @ room temp
saturated fatty acid
-has double bonds (fewer hydrogen)
-cis fats
-liquid @ room temp
unsaturated fatty acid
all amino acids have
an amine group and a carboxyl group; they differ in their functional groups
primary protein structure
the number and order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (peptide bonds)
secondary protein structure
the turns/folds in the polypeptide chains; alpha helix vs beta pleated sheet (hydrogen bonds)
tertiary protein structure
results form interactions between amino acid R groups (ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds; sulfur atoms)
quaternary protein structure
results from two polypeptide chains interacting (covalent bonds)
denature
loosing form and thus function of a protein
-AGCT
-deoxyribose
-double strand
DNA
-AGCU
-ribose
-single strand
RNA
genomics
comparing gene sequences
proteomics
comparing proteins
pyrimidine
a single 6 member ring sugar (C,T,U)
purine
a 6 member ring and a 5 member ring sugar (A, G)
