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UM Classes > CogPsych 240 Exam 1 > Flashcards

CogPsych 240 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the mind

A

creates/controls mental functions (i.e perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning)

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2
Q

how do we study the unobservable mind?

A

3 theories: introspectionism, behaviorism, cognitive

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3
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the scientific study of the human mind (how we think, perceive, learn, and remember)

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4
Q

cognition

A

the mental processes (such as perception, attention, and memory)

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5
Q

what was THE problem?

A

the mind is pretty unobservable (the black box); from stimulus to response, it’s hard to see whats happening in the mind (via cognitive processes)

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6
Q

what is NOT cognitive psychology

A

emotion, neuroeconomics (ppl are completely rational), social interactions, individual differences

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7
Q

introspectionism

A

1890s-1960s-ish: ask ppl what they experience while completing various tasks; undertsand the black box by just asking; tried to break down all aspects of experience into “elements”

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8
Q

structuralism

A

a subset of introspectionism; our experience is determined by combining different sensations (they wanted to make a periodic table of the mind)

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9
Q

analytic introspection

A

a mehod where trained participants describe their experiences/thought processes in response to stimuli

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10
Q

behaviorism

A

1870s-1950s ish: accepting the black box, only analyzing an individuals behavior and environment NOT the mind

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11
Q

problems with behaviorism

A

limiting science to the directly observable is a bad idea; you can reasonably infer what’s going on in the mind via experiments

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12
Q

what counts as “behavior”?

A

anything we can publicly observe (speaking, association and classical conditioning, etc)

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13
Q

watson’s declaration

A

psychology should study behavior and not the unobservable mind

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14
Q

what idea did skinner propagate?

A

1905-1990; reinforcement and reward; the ONLY thing that changes behavior LONG TERM is reward (punishment only stops behavior for a short period of time)

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15
Q

operant conditioning

A

strengthening behavior w/ positive enforcers or negative punishments (skinner)

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16
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

rewards at predictable intervals (fixed schedules) are not as effective as intermittent ones; think gambling

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17
Q

classical conditioning

A

pairing 1 stimulus with a neutral stimulus (pavlov)

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18
Q

computational view of the mind

A

the mind processes information thorough a sequence of stages (like a computer program); information-processing approach

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19
Q

dependent variable

A

what you measure/analyze (ex: reaction time, accuracy, brain activity)

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20
Q

independent variable

A

what you manipulate/what you think may be the cause or influence of a certain behavior or result (ex: number of items memorized, amount of alcohol ingested)

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21
Q

main effect

A

the effect of ONE dependent variable (ie: the average effect of an IV)

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22
Q

interaction

A

when the effect of an independent variable is not constant across the other independent variables

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23
Q

reaction time

A

how long it takes to respond to a presentation of a stimulus

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24
Q

simple reaction time

A

responding to the presence of a stimulus

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25
Q

choice reaction time

A

choosing between 2 stimulus and responding

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26
Q

what did donder’s do?

A

invented mental chronometryp; the study of the time mental processes take

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27
Q

problems with looking @ the time it takes to complete tasks (subtractive method)

A

assumes that the duration of all stages together = reaction time (but what abt time to move hand?) also assumes you know what the stages are

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28
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of physiological basis of cognition (basically the correlation between the mind and experience)

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29
Q

neuroscience usually focuses on what?

A

very large groups of neurons

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30
Q

building blocks of the nervous system

A

neurons (dendrites, cell body, axon, mylin sheath, vesicles, synapse)

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31
Q

neuron doctrine

A

ppl originally thought the brain was just a continuous network of neurons, (nerve net) but there is actually space between each neuron

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32
Q

action potentials

A

electrical potential that transmits neural information; RATE of firing equals strength of stimuli

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33
Q

hubel and wiesel (1960s)

A

some neurons are specialized for certain visual stimuli (feature detectors)

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34
Q

hierarchal processing

A

when we perceive different objects, processing stages go from simple (lower) to more complex (higher)

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35
Q

specificity coding

A

every neuron is made for 1 stimulus (not true)

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36
Q

sparse coding

A

firing only a small group of neurons in response to a stimulus

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37
Q

population coding

A

firing a network of neurons in response to a stimulus

38
Q

localization of function

A

certain parts of the brain are specialized for certain types of activity

39
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

damage to frontal lobe, difficulty speaking

40
Q

wernicke’s area

A

damage to temporal lobe, difficulty understanding language

41
Q

lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal

42
Q

information flow

A

back to front: increasingly more complex stimulus

43
Q

single dissociation

A

when testing which part of the brain does what, and only one part of the brain is affected

44
Q

double dissociation

A

2 single dissociations that oppose eachother

45
Q

evidence for localization?

A

fusiform face area, parahippocampal place area, extrasite body area

46
Q

what is the binding problem?

A

how are all our experiences integrated even though they are processed in different parts of the brain (no one knows)

47
Q

phenomenal consciousness

A

(subjective experience and awareness) touch, feeling, hearing, etc

48
Q

cognitive map

A

mental conception of a spatial layout (tolman and his rats)

49
Q

cognitive revolution

A

a shift in psychology (1950s) away from behaviorism

50
Q

paradigm

A

a system of ideas which guide thinking in a particular field

51
Q

sensory memory

A

holds information for a fraction of a second before it gets passed to short term memory

52
Q

short term memory

A

can be prolonged via rehearsal

53
Q

long term memory

A

hold an indefinite amount of information for a long period of time

54
Q

sensory, short term, and long term memory is whos model?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

55
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for events in your life

56
Q

semantic memory

A

memory for facts

57
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for physical actions

58
Q

episodic, semantic, and procedural memory are part of whos model of long term memory?

A

Tulving

59
Q

neuropsychology

A

study of behavior of ppl with brain damage

60
Q

electrophysiology

A

measuring electrical responses of the nervous system

61
Q

reflective awareness

A

access consciousness; linked to cognitive functions of some kind

62
Q

self awareness

A

knowing that your experience is different from others (mirror test)

63
Q

what is content awareness?

A

if you are aware of a stimuli

64
Q

what is state awareness?

A

if you are awake, asleep, or in a coma

65
Q

theories for how the mind and body relate

A

dualism/dual aspect monism, idealism, and materialism/physicalism

66
Q

idealism

A

the mind is all that matters in experience

67
Q

dual aspect monism

A

both mind and body are real and reality includes both; experience exists on a spectrum

68
Q

dualism

A

mind and body are distinct substances that cannot exist without eachother

69
Q

materialism

A

only the physical is reality

70
Q

neural correlates of consciousness

A

trying to find a physical part of the brain that is in charge of consciousness

71
Q

turing test vs chinese room

A

computer can pass as a human, but if it doesn’t fully understand what its doing is it really conscious???

72
Q

blindsight

A

suggests unconscious vision; damage to V1

73
Q

neglect

A

completely ignoring everything in the oppposite half of the part of the parietal lobe that is imparied

74
Q

split brain

A

severed corpus callosum; 2 separate consciousnesses?????

75
Q

extreme hydrocephalus

A

excessive fluid in the skull that destroys brain tissue

76
Q

plasticity

A

the ability of the brain the adapt

77
Q

bottom up model of perception

A

you build up from small pieces of the picture; put together in stages

78
Q

top down model of perception

A

used to resolve ambiguity; draws on memory to complete the picture (constructive perception)

79
Q

the “demons” are part of what cognitive process?

A

percepton

80
Q

helmholtz theory of unconscious interference (1960)

A

ppl infer most everything about the world; we fill in the blanks with past knowledge

81
Q

the top down view of perception inlcudes which laws?

A

law of good continuation (lines) law of good figure, and law of similarity

82
Q

oblique effect

A

we have specialized neurons for vertical/horizontal lines

83
Q

greebles experiment (gauthier)

A

FFA began to respond more to greebles the more they were shown

84
Q

what are the 2 streams of perception?

A

ventral (what) and dorsal (where)

85
Q

dichotic listening

A

patients couldnt repeat the unattended message but could still report tone, pitch, etc

86
Q

broadbents filter model

A

filtration happens early before analyzing for meaning,

87
Q

treismans filter model

A

selection happens depending on what situation you’re in

88
Q

mckays filter model

A

late stage selection; unconscious processing of meaning

89
Q

lavie’s perceptual load theory

A

we have limited processing capacity for tasks

90
Q

distractive stimuli should have [____________] of a negative impat when the task is less demanding.

A

more

91
Q

schneider and shiffrin (1977)

A

divided cognition into controlled and automatic with their experiment

92
Q

covert attention

A

pretending to be engaged w/o moving your eyes away from the stimulus

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