CognitiveDevelp/AgeChanges

Question 1

Mobility Changes in Aging

Answer 1

Reduction in height

Degenerative changes in joints

Decrease bone mass and density

Increase curvature of spine

Changes if the center of gravity

Slower, shorter, shuffling steps. Takes too long sit/stand

Question 2

Changes in Balance in Aging

Answer 2

Postural sway increases with age

Decrease in proprioceptive sense and vestibular righting responses

Hearing changes

Question 3

Muscular System in Aging

Answer 3

Gradual decline of physical strength begins at age 30.

Decrease muscle mass: from 43% to 25% total body weight

Increase risk of falling and acquiring secondary injuries

Rate of performing tasks is slower

Sit/Stand is a major issue

Question 4

Cardiac Changes in Aging

Answer 4

Reduced cardiac output

Changes in the electrical system

Arrhythmias

Endurance becomes a major issue

Question 5

Pulmonary Changes in Aging

Answer 5

Gradual decline in body fluids By age 70, 50% vs. 80% at birth.

Develop thicker mucus in the tracheobronchial tree. This could lead to infection (pneumonia).

Decrease oxygen supply to the body.

Decrease elasticity in lung tissue

Dehydration

Functionally – Decreased Endurance

Question 6

Aging Neurological Systems Leads to

Answer 6

Decreased reaction time

Increase falls and MVA accidents

Possible visual impairment due to occipital involvement

Sleep changes occur – more light sleep and less deep sleep. Increase number of cat naps.

Question 7

Sensory Issues in Aging

Answer 7

By 50, most people have lost taste buds at the front of the tongue. Sweet and salt go first.

Olfactory – decrease ability to discriminate between pleasant/unpleasant odors.

Tactile: Reduction in sensitivity in fingertips, palms, and legs.

Question 8

Visual Changes with Aging

Answer 8

Diminished acuity ( decrease ability to see details.

Diminished ability to accommodate for changes that occur with light/dark

Visual field narrows

Decrease ability to discriminate between colors

Decreased ability to tell background from foreground ( figure ground)

Decreased depth perception

Question 9

Cataracts

Answer 9

The lens become opaque and the thickens.

May complain of hazy/cloudy vision and/or blurred vision.

May lead to gradual loss of vision: central first, then peripheral; issues w/glare

Tx with surgery

Question 10

Glaucoma

Answer 10

Acqueous fluid behind the cornea build up pressure within the eye.

Loss of peripheral vision and visual fields.

If not treated, one can go blind.

Treated with drops/surgery.

Question 11

Macular Degeneration

Answer 11

Leading cause of blindness over 60

The eye structure involved is the retina.

Central vision is affected.

Increased sensitivity to glare and difficulty adjusting to light changes; may cause total blindness

Question 12

Diabetic Reintopathy

Answer 12

Leading cause of blindness of all ages.

Usually occurs in an individual with poorly controlled diabetes.

Blood vessels rupture in the eye causing blind spots in the central vision field.

Can cause Retinal Detachment.

Question 13

Parkinson’s and AD Vision

Answer 13

Parkinson’s Disease – may have difficutly with eye movements. (Up gaze and converging) Problems with convergence can cause double vision.

Blink less frequently – dry eyes

Alzheimer’s Disease – difficulty with color perception as well as Depth perception.

Question 14

Presbycusis

Answer 14

“old hearing” is hearing loss which is the result of damage in the inner ear structures such as the cochlea or basilar membrane

Question 15

Tinnitus

Answer 15

a type of hearing disorder that involves ringing , whistling, or buzzing in the ear.

Question 16

Meniere’s Disease

Answer 16

inner ear disorder that causes attacks of dizziness.

This results from an increased fluid in the ear

Hearing loss or ringing in the ear may result.

Question 17

Homonymous Hemianopsia(CVA)

Answer 17

Loss of half visual field in each eye

Question 18

Piaget’s Developmental Stages

Answer 18

I. Sensorimotor

II. Properational

III. Concrete

IV. Formal

Question 19

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 19

First stage. Infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment. Birth to age 2

Question 20

Object Permanence

Answer 20

The knowledge that an objects exists even when it’s not in sight. Birth to age 2

Question 21

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

Answer 21

Second stage. Preschool child learns to use language to explore the world. 2-7 years old

Question 22

Egocentrism

Answer 22

The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes. 2-7 years old

Question 23

Centration

Answer 23

Focusing on only one feature of a object rather than taking all features in consideration. Age 2-7

Question 24

Conservation

Answer 24

The ability to understand that altering the appearance of something does not changes its amount, its volume, or its mass. Ages 2-7

Question 25

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 25

Third stage. Begins to think logically about concrete events and problems. Age 7-12

Question 26

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

Answer 26

Fourth stage. Adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking. Reasons about hypothetical problems. Age 12- adulthood

Question 27

Stages of Play

Answer 27

I. Exploratory

II. Symbolic

III. Creative

IV. Formal

V. Game Play

Question 28

Exploratory Play

Answer 28

0-2yrs
engages in play exp, developes a body scheme
explores cause and effects on objects/ppl

Question 29

Symbolic Play

Answer 29

2-4yrs
engages in play exp that formulates, test, classifies, and refines ideas, feelings, and combined actions
associated with language development
mostly parallel play, becomes more cooperative

Question 30

Creative Play

Answer 30

4-7yrs
refines relevant skills
begins to master skills that promote performance of school and work-related activities
cooperative peer groups

Question 31

Games Play

Answer 31

7-12yrs
plays with rules, competition, social interaction, and opportunities for development of skills
friends become more important for validation
cooperative peer group

Question 32

Working on increasing the attention span of an 8-year-old child with autism who is distractible during handwriting activities in the classroom. Which environments can support concentration and attention skills?

Answer 32

Naturalistic environments that minimize unnecessary sensory stimulation.

A small class size with others doing handwriting tasks

Having the child’s desk placed where there are fewer distractions