Cognitive Studies Flashcards
MSM
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) claimed that information can be retained in the short term memory if it is actively rehearsed. The model proposed that information can be stored in a different mode, for example a word that is read could be rehearsed and stored as an auditory memory.
WMM
Baddeley & Hitch (1974) expanded on the short-term aspects of the Atkinson & Shiffrin model, proposing a three-part working memory model which separates primary memory into three components: the central executive (CE); the phonological loop; and the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
Schema Theory
Bartlett (1932)
Aim: To determine if recall from memory is affected by schema.
Participants: An unstated number of Cambridge University students, both genders represented.
Thinking and Decision Making
Tversky & Kahneman (1983)
Aim: To test whether people mistake representativeness for similarity.
LINDA STUDY
Reconstructive Memory
Loftus (1996) used the ‘lost in the mall’ technique to determine if false memories can be created in participants. Over the course of several days, one participant was told a convincing story by several family members of being lost in a shopping mall and found by an elderly man. Not just did the participant ‘remember’ the event, he added new details to it. Loftus (1996) found that about 25% of participants can be made to create a false memory of an event during their childhood.
Biases in Thinking and Decision Making
Zebrowitz et al. (1991)
Aim: To investigate the effect of plaintiffs’ and defendants’ facial appearance on decisions made in a small claims court.
Influence of emotion on decision making
Er (2003)
Aim: To test flashbulb memory models by sampling subjects who experienced the August 17th, 1999 Marmara earthquake directly or who learnt about it in the news.
