Cognitive, social and physical development of children:

Question 1

how do we track children growth

Answer 1

height and weight

circumference of the babies head

Question 2

what can measuring the circumference of the babies head highlight

Answer 2

Any developmental disorders such as hydrocephaly

Question 3

describe a growth chart

Answer 3

Used to track a children’s progress on a centile chart
In the personal children health record- red book
0-4 and 2-18
X axis- age
Y axis- weight

Question 4

describe BMI

Answer 4

it is a simple method to monitor body weight
identifies underweight/overweight/obese kids
we need to have healthy weight conversations and have a holistic approach

Question 5

what happens to the face as you get older

Answer 5

craniofacial development
the face gets longer
less soft tissues
sharper mandible

Question 6

at what age does the skull grow

Answer 6

until 2 years old from

33cm-47cm in circ

Question 7

what does the infant skull contain

Answer 7

the CNS mostly

Question 8

where are the orbits located in an infant

Answer 8

1/5th of the height

Question 9

where are the orbits located in an adult

Answer 9

1/6th of the height

Question 10

how does the cranial vault grow

Answer 10

The cranial vault grows by bone growing in the acquisition of new bone in the external aspect and the reduction in bone by osteoclasts internally to keep the same thickness
There are also fontanels in the cranial bone which become ossified till they form sutures and fuse over a number of years eg 25-30 years

Question 11

what happens if the bones fuse early

Answer 11

can lead to a skull deformity

Question 12

how can skull deformities arise

Answer 12

by the bones fusing early

Question 13

how does the rest of the skull and face depend on

Answer 13

functional stimulation- bones only grow if the muscles around them are being used

Question 14

what tissues can be responsible for the skull and tongue growth

Answer 14

The tongue
The muscles of mastication
And the erupting teeth are responsible for leading growth

Question 15

where does the mandible start growing

Answer 15

The mandibles initial centre of growth is the condyle and as it grows it matures appositional growth externally and erosion on the inner aspect to form its shape

The mandible grows downwards and forwards and the angle of the mandible changes from 140 degrees to 120 degrees in adulthood

Question 16

what can be the correct angle of the mandible

Answer 16

120-140 degrees

Question 17

describe piagets theory

Answer 17

showed the normal stages of intellectual development a child goes through from birth to adult

Question 18

what are the four stages of piagets theory

Answer 18

1. sensorimotor
2. pre operational
3. concrete operational
   4 formal operation

Question 19

what age do children experience sensorimotor

Answer 19

0-18/24 months

Question 20

what age do children experience pre operational

Answer 20

ages 18 months to 7 years

Question 21

what age do children experience concrete operational

Answer 21

ages 7-11 years

Question 22

what age do children experience formal operation

Answer 22

ages 11 to adult hood

Question 23

what are the issues with piagets theory

Answer 23

that children were based in a particular environment

and children can grow in all types of environments

Question 24

describe the sensorimotor phase

Answer 24

Sensory and motor
0-18/24 months
Relies on sights, smells, feel etc
Can only rely on what is exactly in front of them and high contrast imaging such as black and white
7-9 months the babies understand objects all around them
The baby starts to move and build cognitive development
Can make sounds at this age

Question 25

describe the pre operational stage

Answer 25

child can think how others are thinking and stories imaginary play occurs

Question 26

describe the concrete operational stage

Answer 26

can understand logic and have reasoning beyond mass and length can understand other opinion

Question 27

describe the formal operational stage

Answer 27

``` form more abstract ideas make arguments without examples form their own theories longest stage one experiences can be difficult at times ```

Question 28

what are the four stages of functional development

Answer 28

gross motor vision and fine motor hearing speech and language social emotional and behaviour

Question 29

if a child has delays in all areas of functional development what is it called

Answer 29

global developmental delay

Question 30

what is global developmental delay

Answer 30

delays in all four functional development categories

Question 31

what are some skills new born babies should pick up

Answer 31

``` fixed posture fixes gaze and follows face stills to voice startles to loud noise smiles at 6 weeks communication by crying ```

Question 32

what can we look for at 7 months old

Answer 32

``` sits up with support bum shuffling turns head to voice transfers objects to hands finger feeding scared of new people ```

Question 33

what skills should we see in a 1 year old

Answer 33

``` standing by themselves 1-2 words understanding name pincer grip at 10/12 months pointing waving peekaboo drinks with 2 hands ```

Question 34

what are some skills we can see at 18 months

Answer 34

``` walks independently uses 6-10 words immature pencil grip random scribble points to body parts tower of bricks dress by themselves ```

Question 35

what can a 2 1/2 year old do

Answer 35

``` runs and jumps uses sentences draws lines dry by day talking interactive play usually separation anxiety ```

Question 36

four year old skills?

Answer 36

``` Finessing gross and fine motor skills Independent self help skills Participates in small social groups Reaching out Knows please and thank you Sophistication Start school when they are 4 ```

Question 37

5-6 year old skills

Answer 37

More sophisticated pictures Can dress themselves and some can tie shoelaces Plays with peers Susceptible to praise Wont rely on blanket and teddies as much Can make up games and play together