Cognitive: Reasoning terms Flashcards
Define reasoning
The cognitive process of deriving new information from old information
What is meant by deductive reasoning?
Drawing logically necessary conclusions from given information
What is meant by inductive reasoning?
The process of inferring probable conclusions from given information
What are premises?
Statements assumed to be true from which conclusions are drawn
What is meant by the term valid?
Valid arguments are those in which the conclusions must be true if the premises hold true
Name and describe the two types of deductive reasoning
Prepositional reasoning is reasoning about statements connections such as ‘and’ ‘or’ ‘not’ ‘if.’ Syllogistic reasoning is reasoning about groups/sets using statements connected by logical relations of ‘some’, ‘none’, ‘all’ and ‘some not.’
What are inference rules?
Rules for reaching a conclusion given a particular pattern of propositions
What does modus tollens state
Given ‘if p then q’ and ‘not q’ then we can infer ‘not p’
What does modus ponens state?
Given ‘if p then q’ and given p is true, it follows q is true
What is meant by double negation?
If not not p then p
Name and describe the two main mistakes when arguing from conditionals
Affirming the consequent; ‘if p then q’ and ‘q is true’ then ‘p’ is true.
Denying the antecedent; ‘If p then q’ and ‘not p’ then ‘not q’
what is disjunctive syllogism?
premises: ‘p or q’ ‘not p’
Conclusion: ‘Therefore q’
What is the mental models approach?
The view that people use logical reasoning problems by forming mental representations of possible states of the world and draw inferences from those representations.
What is categorical syllogism
What conclusion, if any, follows from assumptions about category membership
What is meant by the atmosphere effect?
The tendency to draw conclusions in syllogisms that are over influenced by the form of the premises rather than the logic of the argument.
What are the four figures of syllogism?
The four possible layouts of terms which give four syllogistic figures: A-B, B-C; B-A, B-C; A-B, C-B; B-A, C-B
What bias do the four figures of syllogism reflect
Figural bias
What is meant by belief bias?
The tendency to accept invalid but believable conclusions and reject valid but unbelievable conclusions to arguments.
What is meant by hypothesis testing?
Is assessing hypotheses for trut/falsities in the data
What is hypothesis generation?
Deriving possible hypotheses from data
What is meant by hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
A form of inductive reasoning in which a hypothesis is tested by deducing necessary consequences of the hypothesis and determining whether the consequences are true or false.
What is meant by the matching bias in the 4 card task?
Choosing the cards mentioned in the rule
What does the social contract theory propose?
That rules expressing payment of costs of privileges will be easily solved in 4 card tasks as the correct choices would uncover cheating.
What are deontic rules?
Rules regarding obligations and typically involve terms such as ‘should’ ‘must’ ‘ought’ ‘may’ and so on.
