Cognitive Psychology: Memory

Question 1

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 1

Conducted a memory experiment with himself.

Question 2

Method of Saving

Answer 2

A method to measure retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that had been previously learned then forgotten.

Question 3

Forgetting Curve

Answer 3

The data curve that dictates the decline of memory over time.

Question 4

Stages of Memory

Answer 4

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

Putting new information into memory

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

Retaining the information over time

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

Recovering the stored material at a later time.

Question 8

Methods of Retrieval

Answer 8

Recall

Recognition

Question 9

Recall

Answer 9

Independently reproducing the information that you have been previously exposed to.

Question 10

Recognition

Answer 10

Realizing that a certain stimuli event is one you have seen or heard before.

Question 11

Generation-Recognition Model

Answer 11

The idea that recall involved the same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition.

Question 12

Recency Effect

Answer 12

The words presented at the end of a list are remembered best.

Question 13

Primacy Effect

Answer 13

The words presented at the beginning of a list are remembered second best.

Question 14

Clustering

Answer 14

When asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same category.

Question 15

Stage Theory of Memory

Answer 15

There are different memory systems and each system has a different function.

Question 16

3 Memory Systems

Answer 16

1. Sensory Memory
2. Short-Term Memory
3. Long-Term Memory

Question 17

Sensory Memory

Answer 17

Contains fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli. Visual Memory = Iconic Memory + Auditory Memory = Echoic Memory

Question 18

Whole-Report Procedure

Answer 18

A research method where a subject looks for a fraction of a second at a visual display of 9 items and later tasked to recall as many as they can. On average, subjects would recall 4 out of 9.

Question 19

George Sperling

Answer 19

Devised the Partial-Report Procedure

Question 20

Partial-Report Procedure

Answer 20

A research method where a subject looks at a visual display of 9 letters for a second and asked to recall one of the 3 rows. The results were nearly perfect suggesting that the capacity of sensory memory is 9 items.

Question 21

Short-Term Memory

Answer 21

Contains information that we attend to. The bridge between our rapidly changing sensory memory to our long-term memory.

Question 22

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 22

Repeating information to stay in the short-term memory longer.

Question 23

Chunking

Answer 23

To group meaningful units of information for memory.

Question 24

Long-Term Memory

Answer 24

The permanent storehouse of your experiences, knowledge and skills.

Question 25

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 25

Organizing information and associating it with information already in long-term memory.

Question 26

2 Types of Long-Term Memory

Answer 26

Procedural Memory

Declarative Memory

Question 27

Procedural Memory

Answer 27

Remembering how to do things.

Question 28

Declarative Memory

Answer 28

Remembering elicit information (fact memory)

Question 29

2 Types of Declarative Memory

Answer 29

Semantic Memory

Episodic Memory

Question 30

Semantic Memory

Answer 30

Remembering general information

Question 31

Episodic Memory

Answer 31

Remembering particular events you have personally experienced.

Question 32

Semantic Priming

Answer 32

The idea that items in the long-term memory are more likely to be encoded on the basis of their meaning.

Question 33

Semantic Verification Task

Answer 33

A research method where subjects were asked to indicate whether a simple statement is true or false. Their response times were collected and that pattern is used to determine how semantic knowledge is stored.

Question 34

Collins & Loftus

Answer 34

Proposed Spreading Activation Model

Question 35

Spreading Activation Model

Answer 35

A map of how semantic memory organizes interconnected concepts. The shorter the distance between two words, the closer the relation is.

Question 36

Semantic Feature-Comparison Model

Answer 36

Semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts. The key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts.

Question 37

Smith & Shoben & Rips

Answer 37

Proposed the Semantic Feature-Comparison Model.

Question 38

Level-of-Processing Theory

Answer 38

aka Depth-of-Processing Theory. The idea that how long you remember material is not determined by what memory system it goes into, but how you remember it. An item enters the memory in stages.

Question 39

Craik & Lockhart

Answer 39

Proposed Level-of Processing Theory

Question 40

3 Stages in Level-of-Processing Theory

Answer 40

1. Physical - visual
2. Acoutical - sounds of the words
3. Semantic - meaning of the words

Deeper Processing = Stronger Memory

Question 41

Dual-Code Hypothesis

Answer 41

The idea that information can be stored in 2 ways; Visually (concrete information) and Verbally (abstract information)

Question 42

Schema

Answer 42

Conceptual framework used to organize knowledge

Question 43

Decay Theory

Answer 43

The idea that if information in long-term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten.

Question 44

Inhibition Theory

Answer 44

The idea that forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between original learning and the later attempted recall.

Question 45

2 Types of Inhibition

Answer 45

Retroactive Inhibition

Proactive Inhibition

Question 46

Retroactive Inhibition

Answer 46

When you forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new.

Question 47

Proactive Inhibition

Answer 47

When you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later.

Question 48

Encoding Specificity

Answer 48

The assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original coding.

Question 49

State-Dependent Learning

Answer 49

The idea that recall will be better if your psychological or physical state at the time of recall is the same as your state when you memorized the material.

Question 50

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 50

Techniques that improve the likelihood of remembering.

Question 51

Method of Loci

Answer 51

A system of associating information with some sequence of places with which you are familiar.

Question 52

Sir Frederick Bartlett

Answer 52

Studied memory by using a folk tale regarding ghost and found that prior knowledge and expectations can influence recall.

Question 53

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 53

Studied eyewitness memories and found that eyewitnesses have a tendency of being influenced or confused by misleading information.

Question 54

Zeigarnik Effect

Answer 54

The tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks.