Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
what is habituation
decline in an organisms response to a stimulus
what is dishabituation
an increase in a response caused by a change in something familiar
what is classical conditioning
when a stimulus evokes a response because of being paired with a stimulus that naturally revokes a response
what is an unconditioned stimulus
naturally occurring stimulus that elicits an Unconditioned response (food)
what is an unconditioned response
naturally occurring response (salvation)
what is a conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that is original neutral but can be conditioned into producing a response by pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
what is a conditioned response
response to a conditioned stimulus produced by pairing it with an Unconditioned stimulus
what is biological preparedness
not all phobias occur with the same frequency
what is homeostasis in classical conditioning
when the two effect (CR and UR) are opposite to each other cancel each other out helping to preserve the bodies stable condition
what is second order conditioning
conditioning where the Unconditioned stimulus was earlier a conditioned stimulus
what is extinction in classical conditioning
not forgetting - simply leaving it alone for a period of time which will result in the conditioned response when subjected again
what types of signals can Conditioned responses be
excitatory
inhibitory
what is backwards pairing
the Unconditioned stimulus was presented before the conditioned stimulus
what is simultaneous pairing
means the two stimuli were presented at the same time
what is forward paining
when the Conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus
what is one trial learning
conditioning occurs in single pairing
(taste aversion)
what is the law of effect
behaviours followed by satisfying effect more likely to be repeated than behaviours followed by dissatisfying effect
what is the other name for operant conditioning
instrumental conditioning
what is operant conditioning
learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment
what is positive and negative reinforcement
positive = something is added to increase likelihood of behaviour
negative = something is removed to increase the likelihood of behaviour
what is positive and negative punishment
positive = something is added to decrease likelihood of behaviour
negative = something is removed to decrease the likelihood of behaviour
what are primary reinforcers
innately effective without learning, tied to biological need
what are secondary reinforcers
conditioned reinforcers
highly effective, not susceptible to satiation
what is shaping
unlikely to get desired behaviour on first attempt
reinforce any response resembling the desired behaviour
begin to only reinforce more similar behaviours
finally only reinforce desired behaviour
what type of reinforcement is most effective
positive reinforcement
what is continuous reinforcement
reinforced after every behaviour
what is partial/ intermittent reinforcement
not reinforced after every behaviour, according to a schedule
what is immediacy
consequence must be near action
what is contingency
consequence must be linked to action
what is fixed reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcement is set and unchanging
- can be ineffective because no point in working harder as reward will be the same
what is variable reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement
reinforcement changes
- steady increase in behaviour
what is interval reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement
based on time
what is ratio reinforcement
type of partial reinforcement
based on number of responses
what is superstition
reinforcement or punishment coincidentally occurs after an unrelated behaviour and the two are erroneously associated
what is latent learning
learning is only displaced when motivation is high
what are cognitive maps
Cognitive maps are mental representations that help individuals recall information about the relative locations
what is the over-justification effect
people lose intrinsic motivation for behaviours that are learned though reinforcement and punishment
what is social cognitive theory
emphasises the critical role of self beliefs in human cognition, motivation and behaviour
what is observational learning
learning takes place by watching the actions of others
reinforcement/ stimulus not occurring
what are types of social models
live models
verbal models
symbolic models
what is a famous observational learning study
bandura and the bobo doll
what is the modelling process
- attention
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation
what is vicarious reinforcement
people’s tendency to imitate behaviours for which they have seen on others being rewarded
what is vicarious punishment
people do a behaviour less often after they’ve seen someone else behave that same way and experience negative consequences
how does prestige/ status impact models
greater attention and motivation for high status models
what is self regulated learning
learners take control of their own education by actively planning, monitoring and evaluating their learning activities
what is self efficacy
belief in ones ability to complete or reproduce a task
what is procedural memory
implicit memory that involves
acquiring skills and habits through practice and experience
Performing tasks automatically without conscious thought
what is priming
Priming is a psychological phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a subsequent, related stimulus
what is semantic memory
Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge, concepts, facts, and meanings of words
what is episodic memory
Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves recalling personal experiences or events
what is the encoding specificity principle
a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially coded
what is blocking
Memory blocking is a common phenomenon where an individual temporarily fails to recall information that is known to them
tip of the tongue theory
what is transience
natural fading of memories over time
what is spacing (encoding)
spaced repetition/ revision works better then cramming all at once
what are the five main properties of language
symbols
structure
meaning
generativity
displacement
what are the levels of language
phonemes: smallest separate unit of sound
morphemes: smallest unit of meaning
words
phrases
sentence
what are the milestones of language development
1-3m: distinguish speech from non speech
4-6m: babbling
7-11m: imitate word sounds
12m: first recognisable words
12-18m: words
4-5y: grammatical rules
what is telegraphic speech
Telegraphic speech is when children use only the most important words in their sentences
what is high amplitude sucking
when infants learn sucking controls the sound that they make
what is over-regularisation
occurs when children extend a regular rule to an irregular word
what is referent retention and referent selection
selection = what word corresponds to what object
retention= being able to remember this
what is fast mapping
young children’s ability to learn words after just 1 exposure
what are syntax
Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases in a specific order in a language
what is over extension in language
when children learn a word and apply it too broadly
eg. calling every animal a dog
what is under extension
Phenomenon where children use words too narrowly
what is nativism
says humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD)
language is an innate biological mechanism
what is social constructivism
says children’s learning of language is governed by adults positive reinforcement
what is LASS
Language acquisition support system
- factors in the social environment that facilitate learning of a language
who is the child that was raised in isolation and never learned to speak
Ramu
who was the child that was raised in isolation but managed to learn to speak after being found
Isabelle
what is the duel system hypothesis
bilingual brains process language differently to monolingual brains
what is code-switching
alternating between different languages within a conversation
what is manual babbling
linguistic phenomenon that has been observed in deaf children and hearing children born to deaf parents who have been exposed to sign language.
what is the linguistic determinism hypothesis
language shapes our thought/ provides framework for our thinking
what is masculine generics
when in language masculine forms are used to represent all human being
what are the different frames of reference
relative
absolute
intrinsic
what is the Sapir- Whorf hypothesis
states that language influences how we perceive and think about the world
