Cognitive psychology Flashcards
Concept
Mental groupings of similar objects events and people
Semantic network
Representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in the mind
Analogies
Linguistic comparison of 2 objects that emphasizes similarities
Prototypes
A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category
Metacognition
Knowledge about when and how to use strategies for learning or problem solving
Algorithm
When the same formula is used until a solution is found
Heuristic
Solves problems using mental shortcuts or rules of thimb
Deductive reasoning
From general claim to specific conclusion
Inductive reasoning
From specific conclusion to general claim
Syllogistic reasoning
Logical argument arriving at a conclusion based on two+ propositions
Means end analysis
obtaining mini goals within a larger goal to better analyze progress
Confirmation bias
Tendency to seek out info that confirms already held beliefs
Hindsight bias
Tendency upon learning an outcome to overestimate ability to have foreseen circumstances
Overconfidence
Tendency to overestimate accuracy or our knowlegde
Belief bias
Person is more likely to accept an argument that aligns with their values while reflecting other arguments
Belief perseverance
We hold a certain belief, belief is proven wrong, we continue to hold belief
Mental set
Predisposition to think a certain way and approach problems with what has worked in past
Functional fixedness
Tendency to think of things only in terms of intended functions
Representative heuristic
Judging likelihood of things by how well they represent stereotypes
Availability heuristic
When we base our judgements on how mentally available info is
Anchoring effect
Tendency to rely too heavily on first piece of info acquired when decision making
Gamblers fallacy
Belief that odds of a streak continuing have gone down
Sink coast fallacy
When we continue a behavior because of previously invested resources even if it’s not their best interest
