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Mac Fall 2023 > Cognitive Neuroscience Test 2 > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Abstract

A

words, objects (left hemisphere)

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2
Q

Specific

A

faces, object (right hemisphere

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Accidental view

A

a view where you can’t see the non-accidental properties. It is very hard to recognize. This is rare and it usually as simple as moving your head a bit to shift your view.

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5
Q

Achromatopsia

A

not having any color perception. This is a brain damage related color blindness rather than an eye related color blindness

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Akinetopsia

A

(no motion perception resulting from damage to V5)

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7
Q

Associative agnosias types

A

There are 3 types: word agnosia, object agnosia, posopagnosia

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8
Q

Word agnosia (alexia)-

A

difficulty recognizing words (reading)

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9
Q

Object agnosia -

A

difficulty recognizing objects

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10
Q

Prosopagnosia -

A

difficulty recognizing faces

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11
Q

Ames room

A

Fancy room thats not parallel

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12
Q

Blindsight

A

Damage to primary visual cortex (V1)
No awareness of visual stimuli
Some visual abilities nonetheless, for example:
* Line orientation
* Navigation of environments without running into things
* Also, Emotional stimuli( Can judge if someone is happy or fearful from view, even though they can’t see.)

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13
Q

Contralateral organization

A

Right and left sides of body are controlled by opposite-side hemisphere

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14
Q

Divided-visual field paradigm

A

Takes advantage of contralateral organization of visual system
* Information presented in left visual field is processed by right hemisphere first; Information presented in right visual field is processed by left hemisphere first

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15
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

V3 –> parietal lobe
This is the “where” and “how” pathway
* Object interaction

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16
Q

Face-inversion effect

A

Recognition of faces is impaired by inversion to a greater extent than recognition of other (non-face) objects

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17
Q

Functional properties of V1

A

Primary
If V1 is active, you think it is real

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18
Q

V2

A

illusory contours (lines that aren’t actually there, but they are illusions

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19
Q

V3

A

Receiving info from V2 and there is a split where Ventral projects to V4 and Dorsal projects to parietal lobe

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20
Q
A
20
Q

V4

A

color perception

21
Q

V5

A

Tuned to properties of motion

22
Q

Fusiform cortex

A

a key structure for functionally-specialized computations of high-level vision such as face perception, object recognition, and reading

23
Q

Greebles

A

Used non-face stimuli called ‘Greebles’
* Each one had a unique look and had unique names too.
Participants were trained to recognize upright Greebles
* There were Novices and experts
* Experts trained to recognize the greebles for 10 hours
* Novices were only about 1 hourish
Question asked: do participants exhibit a ‘greeble-inversion’ effect?
* Novices didn’t, but experts did
* So many faces aren’t as special as we thought, we are just ‘experts’ in recognizing them

24
Q

Handedness

A
  • 96% of right-handed individuals are left dominant for language
  • 60% of left handed individuals are also left dominant for language
  • 93% of population is left dominant for language
25
Q

Hemisphere asymmetries- why do they happen?

A
  • Maybe there are advantages to having non-identical forms of representation(Unique tuned for particular task)
  • OR- crossing to other hemisphere take time, maybe asymmetries make it more efficient to keep processes associated with complicated tasks in the same language
26
Q

Illusory contours

A

lines that aren’t actually there, but they are illusions(think of the triangle)

27
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

a multilayered structure that receives input from both eyes to build a representation. 90% visual signal goes here and then to V1

28
Q

Non-accidental properties and views

A

Vertices, parallel lines, etc.
i.e. we see parallel lines of something, and no matter what orientation the object is, there are still parallel lines

29
Q

Object agnosia example

A
  • Caused by damage in ventral pathway
  • Could not recognize objects
  • Could draw from memory (visual imagery)
  • He drew two objects (celery + an owl) 4 years after damage to the brain. They were somewhat accurate. Then 10 years later he was asked to draw the same thing and they were not very accurate at all.
  • With no object recognition and real representations of these objects, the idea of these objects drifted away as time went on.
30
Q

Optic ataxia

A

damage to parietal lobe
Dorsal Pathway Damage
Issues with interacting with objects in space
The lady who couldn’t grab something in front of her.

31
Q

Parahippocampus

A

The area where places are processed. Ranked best for places rather than objects, faces, etc.

32
Q

Parts-based

A

Words, objects
Left hemisphere
Details by detail to recognize

33
Q

whole-based (holistic) processing

A

Right hemisphere
Whole processing
Faces, objects

34
Q

Priming

A

Priming is a phenomenon in which previous stimuli influence how people react to subsequent stimuli

35
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

difficulty recognizing faces

36
Q

Planum temporale

A

larger planum temporale in the left hemisphere(Planum temporale is part of Wernicke’s area). This is an idea as to why language is in the left hemisphere

37
Q

Retinotopic organization

A

in V1. Cells to retina organization. a complete map in the brain of the visual field

38
Q

Split-brain patients

A
  • Patients that have a severed corpus callosum
  • Dramatically reduces inter-hemispheric communication
  • Studying split brain can isolate hemisphere functions by presenting information to one or other hemisphere
39
Q

Patient W.J.- split brain movement

A
  • He is supposed to form a pattern with blocks
  • Using either right or left hand
  • Did well with right hand (left hemisphere), but not with left hand (right hemisphere)
  • When both hands did it, it was as if they were fighting over it, not working together
  • What does this tell us? That the right hemisphere has great spatial techniques
    *
40
Q

Patient J.W - split brain words

A
  • Words were presented to left or right hemisphere
  • Can read words presented to left hemisphere (right side)
  • Cannot read words presented to right hemisphere (left side)
  • Can draw pictures of words presented to right hemisphere using left hand
41
Q

Superior colliculus

A
  • the route of the 10% of vision stimulus that doesn’t go to V1.
  • cells in the superior colliculus are not tuned to orientation,
  • This route is very fast and connects to the amygdala, where fear is processed.
42
Q

Thatcher illusion

A

Face-inversion effect with margaret thatcher nose, eyes, and mouth right side up. But we don’t realize it. This provides support for holistic approach to face viewing

43
Q

Ventral pathway

A
  • V3 –> V4 –> inferior temporal lobe
  • Often referred to as the “what” pathway
  • Object identification
    *
44
Q

Viewpoint dependence

A
  • Uses viewpoint info- Only in a specific view you can recognize it. This is based on angle. It is DEPENDENT on angle.
  • Based on wholes.
  • Right hemisphere
45
Q

Viewpoint Invariance

A
  • Regardless of angle, your brain will be able to recognize an object with non-accidental properties (unless its an accidental view)
  • This is what we use when looking at an inverted face
  • Based on parts
  • Left hemisphere
    *
46
Q

Visual expertise

A

We recognize things because we’ve have seen them so often are have expertise in them

47
Q
A
47
Q

Visual imagery

A
  • imagery(imagining the picture)
  • Not using V1, so you know its not real. (but with hallucinations, you ARE using V1)
    *
48
Q

Wada test

A

They anesthetize one side of the brain, and if you can’t speak then you must have language processing in that side

49
Q

normal vs inverted face

A

When looking faces, you’re looking at with a whole in the fusiform cortex (face area) in the right hemisphere. When a face is inverted, your brain has to quickly switch to left hemisphere to parts because you’re like huh what?

Mac Fall 2023 (6 decks)

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