Cog Neuro Final

Question 1

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 1

Loss of memory for events occurring after the injury. This is a difficulty storing new memories

Question 2

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

Loss of memory for events that occurred before the memory

Question 3

Amygdala and fear

Answer 3

• Fear conditioning (implicit)
  -instructed fear learning (explicit learning)
  -Amygdala is important to anticipatory fear.

Question 4

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 4

Difficulty producing language. Often takes form in short sentences, muttering, or telegraphic speech (grammatical errors)

Question 5

Change blindness

Answer 5

Picture is shown and then a similar one is shows with a difference. But we don’t notice it until our attention is brought to it. (This is a form of not being conscious because of absent top down and strong bottom up)

Question 6

Consciousness

Answer 6

Has to consist of: vigilance, strong bottom up signal, top down attention, and synchronized activity across sensory and parieto-frontal regions

Question 7

Consolidation

Answer 7

Different studies say different things. One says that its about 5 years for consolidation in humans, whereas another study says its 30+ years for semantic memory and possibly never consolidated in episodic memory.

Question 8

Deep encoding

Answer 8

A deep encoding strategy: think about meaning and make unique associateions with other things. Find a way to relate it to yourself.

Question 9

Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) paradigm

Answer 9

False memory word thing. You associate words with other things so then you remember that word and thought it was on the list.

Question 10

Endogenous attention

Answer 10

Internally directed (i.e. being told to attend to a specific task and doing that)

Question 11

Exogenous attention

Answer 11

Externally directed (i.e. a sound surprises you and grabs your attention)

Question 12

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Answer 12

Damage to the left inferior parietal lobule results in things such as finger agnosia,left-right confusion, agraphia (difficulty writing) and dyscalculia (difficulty calculating. This is different than unilateral neglect which is the same damage but other hemisphere.

Question 13

Hippocampus

Answer 13

Extensive pracitces in route memory of taxi drivers led to greater hippocapal gray matter volume. Hippocampus has big part of in depth memory?HIPPOCAMPUS IMPORTANT IN ROUTE MEMORY

Question 14

Sensory store capacity/duration

Answer 14

Infinite capacity but limited duration (less than 5 seconds)

Question 15

Short term memory capacity/duration

Answer 15

Capacity 7+/-2 items
Duration (seconds to minutes (longer with duration)

Question 16

Long term memory capacity/duration

Answer 16

Infinite capacity. Infinite duration

Question 17

Method of loci

Answer 17

Imagine a route and associate it to be remembered with items in different locations along the route. Make the associations as bizarre as possible and then recall the memories by travelling the route.
Why is it so effective? It engages the hippocampus.

Question 18

Patient H.M.

Answer 18

Had surgery where bilateral medial temmporal lobes were removed to treate epilespy (this includes the hippocampus). This helped the epilepsy but it gave him anterograde and retrograde amnesia, declarative memory issues, explicit memory issues, episodic memory issues. He had damage to the hippocampus but not cortex.

Question 19

Cortex memories

Answer 19

Procedural, implicit, semantic

Question 20

Hippocampal memories

Answer 20

Declarative, explicit, episodic memory

Question 21

Patient S.M.

Answer 21

Patient H.M didnt have any fear in real situations and could also not interpret or understand fear on other faces, but could with other emotions.
Then when asked to inhale CO2, they didnt have any fear leading up to it, but they did when they did it. The control patients had fear leading up to it but not when they were doing it. This proves that the amygdala is important for fear leading up to something

Question 22

Sensory stores

Answer 22

Sensory information is held temporarily in the primary sensory cortex to facitivalte processing. Consists of iconic storing (visual) and echoic storage (auditory)

Question 23

Shallow encoding

Answer 23

Focusing on perceptual features, not meaning

Question 24

Sleep and memory

Answer 24

Sleep stabalizes, enhances, and integrates memory
Sleep extracts rules ad gist
Sleep relates new and old memories
Sleep helps imagining futures

Question 25

Stickgold’s theory

Answer 25

1. After sleeping, people have even more of the false words. Hwy? Sleep is when brain pulls all info together and summarizes it.
2. Sleep helps people solve problems, even if they dont know there is something to solve
3. People did a maze and either stayed awake or slept. People who slept did way better.

Question 26

Procedural memory

Answer 26

Ability to learn to do something (learn to ride a bike)

Question 27

Declarative memory

Answer 27

Ability to remember that you know how to do something (you dont know you can ride a bike)

Question 28

Explicit memory

Answer 28

Remembering that you had already experienced something (such as an experiment)

Question 28

Implicit memory

Answer 28

An example is priming

Question 29

Semantic memory

Answer 29

Knowing what something is (i.e. what breakfast is)

Question 30

Episodic memory

Answer 30

Remembering doing something (i.e. eating breakfast)

Question 31

Unilateral neglect

Answer 31

Damage to the right temporal-parietal junction and surrounding areas. Patients fail to attend to or respond to stimuli in the left side of space (i.e. dont eat food on left side of plate) and they fail to reorient themselves to perceive stimuli that is on the left side (cause if you only had a visual issue you would know to just move your head a bit.)

Question 32

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 32

temporarily to hold visual and spatial information

Question 33

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 33

Takes form in difficulty understanding language. Often, people with wernickes have difficulty w working memory

Question 34

Working memory

Answer 34

allows us to work with information without losing track of what we’re doing. Think of working memory as a temporary sticky note in the brain.refer to a broader system that both stores information and manipulates it

Question 35

phonological loop

Answer 35

The phonological loop keeps acoustic (sound/verbal) memory in storage.

Question 36

associative memory

Answer 36

long term memory form that associates information, which can also help decision making and the working memory.

Question 37

central executive

Answer 37

The central executive is the system that holds the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad and is responsible for the communication and correlation between these two systems and long term memory.

Question 38

Describe three aspects of the movie Memento (2000) that are correct in terms of theories of memory discussed in class; describe three aspects that are incorrect in terms of theories of memory discussed in class. Make sure to explain why each is correct or incorrect in terms of memory theory.

Answer 38

Incorrect
1. He remembers his wife dying. This happened right before the injury, so it wouldn’t have been consolidated yet.
2. Says he has a short term memory problem but he actually has a long term memory problem.
3. Sammy Jenkins isn’t able to be implicit fear conditioning, even though he actually should be able to (unless his amygdala was damaged but the movie did not say this)

Correct
1. Leonard used a phonological loop to try and keep in mind that Natalie wasn’t good.
2. Developed procedural understanding that he needs to always be checking his pockets for his photos.
3. Procedural memories were also intact with Sammy Jenkins because he could give insulin shots. And Leonard could still drive.

Question 39

Compare long-term memory and working memory. What brain regions are important for each memory type? What tasks could be used to test each memory type (describe two tasks for each type)? What strategies could be used to improve each memory type (describe one strategy for each type)?

Answer 39

Long term memory- A memory of the brain that has infinite capacity and duration
* Hippocampus and cortex. Hippocampus teaches the cortex through interleaved procedure until memory becomes consolidated.
* Semantic- Tell me how many wheels are on a bike
* Procedural- tell me what you did for your 10th birthday
* Method of Loci could work to improve long term memory

Working memory- Capacity- 7+/2 items, duration - a few seconds to minutes if rehearsal is involved. Working memory is a type of short term memory that can help decision making (prefrontal cortex is essential. It isn’t for associative memory though).
* Phonological loop - broca’s area and left inferior parietal lobe
* visual spatial sketchpad- right parietoccipital region of hemisphere
* When we were told to remember a certain number of numbers and on average, the class was able to remember around 7 minutes when recall was requested.
* Describe a series of shapes in relation to each other and ask the person to hold the image in mind and then draw it and describe it back.
* To improve- chunking combine items with meaning so you can remember more

Question 40

Describe two studies discussed in class that are in line with the idea that recently learned information is reactivated during sleep. Make sure to describe the method and results of each study, as well as the way in which each study provides support for this idea.

Answer 40

1. Stickgold - people did a maze and then either stayed awake or slept. People who slept did way better in the maze, which supports that solving problems happens in sleep. And the group that had dreams somewhat associated with the maze did even better on the maze
2. Payne et. al. - memory for the central item is greater after sleep. Method: encoded scenes for central objects. Then there was a delay period. They were 30 minutes awake, awake 12 hours, or allowed to sleep in 12 hours. The results did better than awake 12 hours but asleep did BEST

Question 41

Patient N.F. has had a stroke and complains that she has difficulty recognizing fearful facial expressions. You suspect that she has suffered damage to her amygdalae, but you do not have the equipment necessary to look for lesions in her brain. Instead, you ask her to perform two behavioral tasks that allow you to test your suspicion. Describe the tasks and how N.F. should perform on them if she does indeed have damage in her amygdalae.

Answer 41

CO2 inhalation study. Explain this.
Skin conductance thing - teach NF to associate a blue square with an electric shock by showing the blue square and then schosking here over multiple trials. Measure skin conductance throughout. If NF has amygdala damage, her skin conductance will increase after the unconditioned stimulus and never in the conditioned stimulus..