Cognitive Foundations

Question 1

cultural beliefs

Answer 1

predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. may also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death

Question 2

symbolic inheritance

Answer 2

set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. it is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects and sacred places

Question 3

roles

Answer 3

defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class

Question 4

gender roles

Answer 4

cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men

Question 5

socialization

Answer 5

process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live

Question 6

self-regulation

Answer 6

capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain one’s impulses and comply with social norms

Question 7

role preparation

Answer 7

outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions as marriage and parenthood

Question 8

Bat Mitzvah

Answer 8

Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies that adolescent’s new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs

Question 9

Bar Mitzvah

Answer 9

Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents’ new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs

Question 10

sources of meaning

Answer 10

ideas and beliefs that people learn as part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be valued, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual’s mortality

Question 11

interdependent self

Answer 11

conception of the self typically found in collectivist cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group

Question 12

independent self

Answer 12

conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with other, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements

Question 13

broad socialization

Answer 13

process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expressions

Question 14

narrow socialization

Answer 14

process by which persons in a collectivist culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity

Question 15

custom complex

Answer 15

customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice

Question 16

onto genetic

Answer 16

something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is drive by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice

Question 17

first-generation families

Answer 17

status of persons who were born in one country and the immigrated to another

Question 18

second-generation families

Answer 18

status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country

Question 19

secular

Answer 19

based on nonreligious beliefs and values

Question 20

social desirability

Answer 20

tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred

Question 21

individuating-reflexive faith

Answer 21

Fowler’s term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs

Question 21

poetic-conventional faith

Answer 21

Fowler’s term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense that early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth

Question 22

Ramadan

Answer 22

month in the Muslim year that commemorates the revelation of the Quran from God to the profit Muhammad, requiring fasting from sunrise to sunset each day and refraining from all sensual indulgences

Question 23

Quran

Answer 23

holy book of the religion of Islam, believed by Muslims to have been communicated to Muhammad from God through the angel Gabriel

Question 24

heteronomous morality

Answer 24

Piaget’s term for the period of moral development from about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them

Question 25

autonomous morality

Answer 25

Piaget’s term for the period of moral development from about ages 10 to 12 , involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed

Question 26

preconventional reasoning

Answer 26

in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments

Question 27

conventional reasoning

Answer 27

in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, level of moral reasoning in which the person advocated the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities

Question 28

postconventional reasoning

Answer 28

in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right

Question 29

justice orientation

Answer 29

type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness

Question 30

care orientation

Answer 30

Gilligan’s term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning

Question 31

worldview

Answer 31

set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed