Chapter 1 Flashcards
Adolescence
a period of life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture.
life cycle service
a period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts.
child study movement
late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace.
recapitulation
now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulate the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole
stratified sampling
sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population.
random sampling
sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else.
menarche
a girl’s first menstrual period
emerging adulthood
period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments.
Lamarckian
reference to Lamarck’s ideas popular in the late 19th and early 20th century that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics.
early adolescence
period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14
late adolescence
period of human development lasting from age 15 to about age 18
individualism
cultural belief system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self sufficiency, and self expression
collectivism
a set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well being and success of the group
interdependence
the web of commitments attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups
scientific method
a systematic way of finding the answers to question or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedures, and measures
hypotheses
ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study
sample
the people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest
population
the entire group of people of interest in a study
representative
characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest
generalizable
characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest.
procedure
standards for the way a study is conducted. includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection.
method
a scientific strategy for collecting data
peer reviewed
when a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholar’s peers for scientific credibility and importance.
informed consent
standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks.
consent form
written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks.
closed question
questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question.
open-ended question
questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question.
interview
research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format such that peoples answers are in their own words
qualitative
data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interview or observations.
quantitative
data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires
ethnographic research
research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them
ethnography
a book that presents an anthropologists observations of what life is like in a particular culture.
reliability
characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion.
validity
the truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure
experimental research method
a research method that entails assigning participants method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment. then comparing the two groups in a posttest.
experimental group
in experimental research, the group that receives this treatment
control group
in experimental research the group that does not receive the treatment
interventions
programs intended to change the attitudes and or behavior of the participants
natural experiment
a situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer
monozygotic twins
twins with exactly the same genotype
dizygotic twins
twins with about half other their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. also known as fraternal twins
correlation versus causation
a correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other; however, just because tow variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other.
longitudinal study
a study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion.
patriarchal authority
cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children
filial piety
Confucians belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father.
caste system
Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A person’s caste then determines their status in Indian society.
globalization
increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally.
storm and stress
theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescents is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior.
survey
a questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behaviors.
