Chapter 1

Question 1

Adolescence

Answer 1

a period of life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture.

Question 2

life cycle service

Answer 2

a period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts.

Question 3

child study movement

Answer 3

late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace.

Question 4

recapitulation

Answer 4

now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulate the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole

Question 5

stratified sampling

Answer 5

sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population.

Question 6

random sampling

Answer 6

sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else.

Question 7

menarche

Answer 7

a girl’s first menstrual period

Question 8

emerging adulthood

Answer 8

period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments.

Question 9

Lamarckian

Answer 9

reference to Lamarck’s ideas popular in the late 19th and early 20th century that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics.

Question 10

early adolescence

Answer 10

period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14

Question 11

late adolescence

Answer 11

period of human development lasting from age 15 to about age 18

Question 12

individualism

Answer 12

cultural belief system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self sufficiency, and self expression

Question 13

collectivism

Answer 13

a set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well being and success of the group

Question 14

interdependence

Answer 14

the web of commitments attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups

Question 15

scientific method

Answer 15

a systematic way of finding the answers to question or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedures, and measures

Question 16

hypotheses

Answer 16

ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study

Question 17

sample

Answer 17

the people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest

Question 18

population

Answer 18

the entire group of people of interest in a study

Question 19

representative

Answer 19

characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest

Question 20

generalizable

Answer 20

characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest.

Question 21

procedure

Answer 21

standards for the way a study is conducted. includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection.

Question 22

method

Answer 22

a scientific strategy for collecting data

Question 23

peer reviewed

Answer 23

when a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholar’s peers for scientific credibility and importance.

Question 24

informed consent

Answer 24

standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks.

Question 25

consent form

Answer 25

written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks.

Question 26

closed question

Answer 26

questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question.

Question 27

open-ended question

Answer 27

questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question.

Question 28

interview

Answer 28

research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format such that peoples answers are in their own words

Question 29

qualitative

Answer 29

data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interview or observations.

Question 30

quantitative

Answer 30

data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires

Question 31

ethnographic research

Answer 31

research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them

Question 32

ethnography

Answer 32

a book that presents an anthropologists observations of what life is like in a particular culture.

Question 33

reliability

Answer 33

characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion.

Question 34

validity

Answer 34

the truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure

Question 35

experimental research method

Answer 35

a research method that entails assigning participants method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment. then comparing the two groups in a posttest.

Question 36

experimental group

Answer 36

in experimental research, the group that receives this treatment

Question 37

control group

Answer 37

in experimental research the group that does not receive the treatment

Question 38

interventions

Answer 38

programs intended to change the attitudes and or behavior of the participants

Question 39

natural experiment

Answer 39

a situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer

Question 40

monozygotic twins

Answer 40

twins with exactly the same genotype

Question 41

dizygotic twins

Answer 41

twins with about half other their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. also known as fraternal twins

Question 42

correlation versus causation

Answer 42

a correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other; however, just because tow variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other.

Question 43

longitudinal study

Answer 43

a study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion.

Question 44

patriarchal authority

Answer 44

cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children

Question 45

filial piety

Answer 45

Confucians belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father.

Question 46

caste system

Answer 46

Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A person’s caste then determines their status in Indian society.

Question 47

globalization

Answer 47

increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally.

Question 48

storm and stress

Answer 48

theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescents is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior.

Question 49

survey

Answer 49

a questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behaviors.