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HDF > Biological Foundations > Flashcards

Biological Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

a network of glands in the body.the glands coordinate function & affect the development and functioning of the body using hormones

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2
Q

hormones

A

chemicals, that affect the development & functioning of the body, including development during puberty

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3
Q

puberty

A

the changes in physiology, anatomy, & physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically & prepare the body for sexual reproduction

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4
Q

hypothalamus

lower part of the brain under cortex

A

in charge of the endocrine system/ releasing hormones

stimulates & regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty

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5
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

A

hormone that causes gonadotropins to be released

by the pituitary gland

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6
Q

leptin

A

a protein, produced by fat cells, that starts puberty

that signals the hypothalamus to initiate hormonal changes of puberty

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7
Q

pituitary gland

base of brain

A

a gland that releases a hormone to prepare the body for reproduction

that releases gonadotropins as part of the body’s preparation for reprod

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8
Q

gonadotrophins

A

hormones (FSH & LH) that stimulate the development of gametes

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9
Q

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

A

along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes & sex hormones in the ovaries & testicles

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10
Q

(LH) luteinizing hormone

A

along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes & sex hormones in the ovaries & testicles

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11
Q

gonads

A

the ovaries & testicles
AKA the “sex glands”

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12
Q

sex hormones

A

androgens & estrogens that cause development of primary & secondary sex characters

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13
Q

estrogens

A

the sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward & are mostly responsible for female primary & secondary sex characteristics

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14
Q

androgens

A

the sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward & are mostly responsible for male primary & secondary sex characteristics

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15
Q

estradial

A

the estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls

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16
Q

testosterone

A

the androgen most important in pubertal development among boys

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17
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

the hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production

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18
Q

feedback loop

A

system of hormones which monitors & adjusts the levels of the sex hormones

involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, & the gonads,

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19
Q

set point

A

optimal level of sex hormones in the body. when this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced

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20
Q

adolescent growth spurt

A

the rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty

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21
Q

peak height velocity

A

the point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate

22
Q

asynchronicity

A

uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty

23
Q

extremities

A

the feet, hands, and head

24
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the production of eggs & sperm & the development of the sex organs

25
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproductions

26
Q

menarche

A

a girl’s first menstrual period

27
Q

ovum

A

mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days

28
Q

spermarche

A

beginning of development of sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty

29
Q

vulva

A

external female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, & the clitoris

30
Q

labia majora

A

part of vulva; Latin for “large lips”

31
Q

labia minora

A

part of vulva; Latin for “small lips”

32
Q

clitoris

A

part of vulva in which females’ sexual sensations are concentrated

33
Q

a majority of girls do not experience ovulation within the first 2 years of menstruation

A

true

34
Q

breast buds

A

the first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty

35
Q

areola

A

area surrounding the nipple on the breast, enlarges at puberty

36
Q

vital capacity

A

the amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys

37
Q

BMI (body mass index)

A

a ratio of height to weight; ___ thresholds for obesity are determined by medical authorities & vary depending on age group

38
Q

maximum oxygen intake

A

a measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen & transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20’s

39
Q

cardiac output

A

a measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart

40
Q

health promotion

A

efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk

41
Q

secular trend

A

a change in the characteristics of a population over time

42
Q

reaction range

A

term that genes establish a range of possible development & environment determines where development takes place within that range

43
Q

incest taboo

A

the prohibition on sexual relations between family members. believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders

44
Q

PMS (pre-menstual syndrome)

A

the combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation

45
Q

semenarche

A

a male’s first ejaculation

46
Q

age graded

A

organized by age, for example in schools

47
Q

nature-nurture debate

A

debate over the relative importance of biology & the environment in human development

48
Q

theory of genotype (—>) environment effects

A

theory that both genetics & environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience

49
Q

passive genotype (—>) environment effects

A

situation in biological families that parents provide both genes & environment for their children, making genes & environment difficult to separate in their effects on children’s development

50
Q

evocative genotype (—>) environment effects

A

occur when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from other in their environment

51
Q

active genotype (—>) environment effects

A

occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics

52
Q

mikveh

A

a ritual bath that Jewish Orthodox women are obliged to take a week after their period as a way of cleansing themselves of the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation

HDF (3 decks)

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