Cognitive explanation

Question 1

2 cognitive explanations

Answer 1

cognitive distortions, level of moral reasoning

Question 2

cognitive distortions are _ thinking and _ in information processing which allows offenders to / their behaviour and _ others actions

Answer 2

cognitive distortions are irrational thinking and biases in information processing which allows offenders to rationalise/deny their behaviour and misinterpret others actions

Question 3

hostile attribution bias is when a pp automatically attributes _ intentions to another, they think someone is being _ when they aren’t and lean towards _ the _. they may mis-read non-aggressive _ which will _ a _ response

Answer 3

hostile attribution bias is when a pp automatically attributes malicious intentions to another, they think someone is being confrontational when they aren’t and lean towards thinking the worst. they may mis-read non-aggressive cues which will trigger a violent response

Question 4

2 parts of cognitive distortions

Answer 4

hostile attribution bias, minimalisation

Question 5

minimalisation is _ the consequence of an action to reduce _ emotions e.g. _. it helps an individual to _ the _ of their behaviour

Answer 5

minimalisation is underplaying the consequence of an action to reduce negative emotions e.g. guilt. it helps an individual to accept the consequences of their behaviour

Question 6

level of moral reasoning is the _ process to determine / using _ systems

Answer 6

level of moral reasoning is the thinking process to determine right/wrong using value systems

Question 7

who came up with the level of moral reasoning

Answer 7

Kohlberg

Question 8

what does the level of moral reasoning depend on

Answer 8

stage of moral development

Question 9

how did Kohlberg find the level of moral reasoning of a criminal

Answer 9

study of boys from Chicago, interested in their decisions for their actions but also their reasons

Question 10

what is the level of moral reasoning of a criminal

Answer 10

pre-conventional level

Question 11

the pre-conventional level - people break _ due to behaviours driven by _ of _ and to avoid _. most studies show criminals are _ and have poor _ - skills. most people pass this level by the age of _ which is why…

Answer 11

the pre-conventional level - people break laws due to behaviours driven by possibility of rewards and to avoid punishment. most studies show criminals are egocentric and have poor social perspective-taking skills. most people pass this level by the age of 10 which is why you are responsible for your actions only after 10 yrs as before they don’t understand morality

Question 12

support for cognitive distortions - who? showed emotionally ambiguous faces to _ violent offenders in prison and compared responses to control group. faces had //_ emotions w/varied _. offenders _ likely to interpret _ emotion as _ expression. so misinterpretations may partly explain - behaviour in _ individuals.

Answer 12

support for cognitive distortions - Schonenberg and Aiste showed emotionally ambiguous faces to 55 violent offenders in prison and compared responses to control group. faces had happy/angry/fearful emotions w/varied intensity. offenders more likely to interpret angry emotion as aggressive expression. so misinterpretations may partly explain aggressive-impulsive behaviour in vulnerable individuals.

Question 13

support for cog distortions - who? found among _ imprisoned _, _% _ they had committed an offence at all and a further _% _ the harm they had caused to the victim.

Answer 13

support for cog distortions - Barbaree found among 26 imprisoned rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offence at all and a further 40% minimised the harm they had caused to the victim.

Question 14

support for cog distortions - who? reported that _% of a sample of _ _ argued that the crime that they had committed was - just affectionate, and _% stated that the victim had _

Answer 14

support for cog distortions - Pollock and Hashmal reported that 35% of a sample of child molesters argued that the crime that they had committed was non-sexual just affectionate, and 36% stated that the victim had consented

Question 15

support - the explanation has lead to _ with the use of _. who? worked with a group of _ _ from _ groups in _. they used _ to reduce judgement and cog distortions and found those who attended _ one-hour sessions had a _% reduction in _ compared to control group

Answer 15

support - the explanation has lead to treatment with the use of CBT. Heller et al worked with a group of young men from disadvantaged groups in Chicago. they used CBT to reduce judgement and cog distortions and found those who attended 13 one-hour sessions had a 44% reduction in arrests compared to control group

Question 16

support for moral reasoning - who? compared moral reasoning between _ female non-offenders, _ male non-offenders, and 126 _ offenders using the Socio-Moral Reflection Measure-Short Form. The _ offenders showed _ mature moral reasoning than the non-offenders which is consistent with Kohlberg’s predictions

Answer 16

Palmer and Hollin compared moral reasoning between 210 female non-offenders, 122 male non-offenders, and 126 convicted offenders using the Socio-Moral Reflection Measure-Short Form. The convicted offenders showed less mature moral reasoning than the non-offenders which is consistent with Kohlberg’s predictions

Question 17

support for moral reasoning - who? used their Offending Motivation Questionnaire to assess _ male _ offenders. They found that _% did not consider the _ of what they were doing and _% were confident they would not be caught.

Answer 17

Gudjonsson and Sigurdsson used their Offending Motivation Questionnaire to assess 128 male juvenile offenders. They found that 38% did not consider the consequences of what they were doing and 36% were confident they would not be caught.

Question 18

limitation for moral reasoning - doesn’t account for _ reasoning for committing different types of crime. who? found individuals who commit crimes for _ _, such as robbery, were _ likely to show pre-conventional than _ crimes such as assault where _ reasoning was evident. so level of moral reasoning depends on…

Answer 18

limitation for moral reasoning - doesn’t account for individual reasoning for committing different types of crime. Thornton and Reid found individuals who commit crimes for financial gain, such as robbery, were more likely to show pre-conventional than impulse crimes such as assault where no reasoning was evident. so level of moral reasoning depends on type of crime and more practical factors

Question 19

Kohlberg’s model was _ biased, so who? developed a new model of _ levels of moral reasoning (name the 2 levels)

Answer 19

Kohlberg’s model was culturally biased so Gibbs developed a new model of 2 levels, mature and immature

Question 20

the first level of Gibbs’ model suggested moral decisions are guided by _ of punishment and _ gain.

Answer 20

the first level of Gibbs’ model suggested moral decisions are guided by avoidance of punishment and personal gain.

Question 21

the second level of Gibbs’ model suggested decisions are guided by empathy, social _ and one’s own _

Answer 21

the second level of Gibbs’ model suggested decisions are guided by empathy, social justice and one’s own conscience