Cognitive explanation Flashcards
2 cognitive explanations
cognitive distortions, level of moral reasoning
cognitive distortions are _ thinking and _ in information processing which allows offenders to / their behaviour and _ others actions
cognitive distortions are irrational thinking and biases in information processing which allows offenders to rationalise/deny their behaviour and misinterpret others actions
hostile attribution bias is when a pp automatically attributes _ intentions to another, they think someone is being _ when they aren’t and lean towards _ the _. they may mis-read non-aggressive _ which will _ a _ response
hostile attribution bias is when a pp automatically attributes malicious intentions to another, they think someone is being confrontational when they aren’t and lean towards thinking the worst. they may mis-read non-aggressive cues which will trigger a violent response
2 parts of cognitive distortions
hostile attribution bias, minimalisation
minimalisation is _ the consequence of an action to reduce _ emotions e.g. _. it helps an individual to _ the _ of their behaviour
minimalisation is underplaying the consequence of an action to reduce negative emotions e.g. guilt. it helps an individual to accept the consequences of their behaviour
level of moral reasoning is the _ process to determine / using _ systems
level of moral reasoning is the thinking process to determine right/wrong using value systems
who came up with the level of moral reasoning
Kohlberg
what does the level of moral reasoning depend on
stage of moral development
how did Kohlberg find the level of moral reasoning of a criminal
study of boys from Chicago, interested in their decisions for their actions but also their reasons
what is the level of moral reasoning of a criminal
pre-conventional level
the pre-conventional level - people break _ due to behaviours driven by _ of _ and to avoid _. most studies show criminals are _ and have poor _ - skills. most people pass this level by the age of _ which is why…
the pre-conventional level - people break laws due to behaviours driven by possibility of rewards and to avoid punishment. most studies show criminals are egocentric and have poor social perspective-taking skills. most people pass this level by the age of 10 which is why you are responsible for your actions only after 10 yrs as before they don’t understand morality
support for cognitive distortions - who? showed emotionally ambiguous faces to _ violent offenders in prison and compared responses to control group. faces had //_ emotions w/varied _. offenders _ likely to interpret _ emotion as _ expression. so misinterpretations may partly explain - behaviour in _ individuals.
support for cognitive distortions - Schonenberg and Aiste showed emotionally ambiguous faces to 55 violent offenders in prison and compared responses to control group. faces had happy/angry/fearful emotions w/varied intensity. offenders more likely to interpret angry emotion as aggressive expression. so misinterpretations may partly explain aggressive-impulsive behaviour in vulnerable individuals.
support for cog distortions - who? found among _ imprisoned _, _% _ they had committed an offence at all and a further _% _ the harm they had caused to the victim.
support for cog distortions - Barbaree found among 26 imprisoned rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offence at all and a further 40% minimised the harm they had caused to the victim.
support for cog distortions - who? reported that _% of a sample of _ _ argued that the crime that they had committed was - just affectionate, and _% stated that the victim had _
support for cog distortions - Pollock and Hashmal reported that 35% of a sample of child molesters argued that the crime that they had committed was non-sexual just affectionate, and 36% stated that the victim had consented
support - the explanation has lead to _ with the use of _. who? worked with a group of _ _ from _ groups in _. they used _ to reduce judgement and cog distortions and found those who attended _ one-hour sessions had a _% reduction in _ compared to control group
support - the explanation has lead to treatment with the use of CBT. Heller et al worked with a group of young men from disadvantaged groups in Chicago. they used CBT to reduce judgement and cog distortions and found those who attended 13 one-hour sessions had a 44% reduction in arrests compared to control group