Cognitive explanation Flashcards
2 cognitive explanations
cognitive distortions, level of moral reasoning
cognitive distortions are _ thinking and _ in information processing which allows offenders to / their behaviour and _ others actions
cognitive distortions are irrational thinking and biases in information processing which allows offenders to rationalise/deny their behaviour and misinterpret others actions
hostile attribution bias is when a pp automatically attributes _ intentions to another, they think someone is being _ when they aren’t and lean towards _ the _. they may mis-read non-aggressive _ which will _ a _ response
hostile attribution bias is when a pp automatically attributes malicious intentions to another, they think someone is being confrontational when they aren’t and lean towards thinking the worst. they may mis-read non-aggressive cues which will trigger a violent response
2 parts of cognitive distortions
hostile attribution bias, minimalisation
minimalisation is _ the consequence of an action to reduce _ emotions e.g. _. it helps an individual to _ the _ of their behaviour
minimalisation is underplaying the consequence of an action to reduce negative emotions e.g. guilt. it helps an individual to accept the consequences of their behaviour
level of moral reasoning is the _ process to determine / using _ systems
level of moral reasoning is the thinking process to determine right/wrong using value systems
who came up with the level of moral reasoning
Kohlberg
what does the level of moral reasoning depend on
stage of moral development
how did Kohlberg find the level of moral reasoning of a criminal
study of boys from Chicago, interested in their decisions for their actions but also their reasons
what is the level of moral reasoning of a criminal
pre-conventional level
the pre-conventional level - people break _ due to behaviours driven by _ of _ and to avoid _. most studies show criminals are _ and have poor _ - skills. most people pass this level by the age of _ which is why…
the pre-conventional level - people break laws due to behaviours driven by possibility of rewards and to avoid punishment. most studies show criminals are egocentric and have poor social perspective-taking skills. most people pass this level by the age of 10 which is why you are responsible for your actions only after 10 yrs as before they don’t understand morality
support for cognitive distortions - who? showed emotionally ambiguous faces to _ violent offenders in prison and compared responses to control group. faces had //_ emotions w/varied _. offenders _ likely to interpret _ emotion as _ expression. so misinterpretations may partly explain - behaviour in _ individuals.
support for cognitive distortions - Schonenberg and Aiste showed emotionally ambiguous faces to 55 violent offenders in prison and compared responses to control group. faces had happy/angry/fearful emotions w/varied intensity. offenders more likely to interpret angry emotion as aggressive expression. so misinterpretations may partly explain aggressive-impulsive behaviour in vulnerable individuals.
support for cog distortions - who? found among _ imprisoned _, _% _ they had committed an offence at all and a further _% _ the harm they had caused to the victim.
support for cog distortions - Barbaree found among 26 imprisoned rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offence at all and a further 40% minimised the harm they had caused to the victim.
support for cog distortions - who? reported that _% of a sample of _ _ argued that the crime that they had committed was - just affectionate, and _% stated that the victim had _
support for cog distortions - Pollock and Hashmal reported that 35% of a sample of child molesters argued that the crime that they had committed was non-sexual just affectionate, and 36% stated that the victim had consented
support - the explanation has lead to _ with the use of _. who? worked with a group of _ _ from _ groups in _. they used _ to reduce judgement and cog distortions and found those who attended _ one-hour sessions had a _% reduction in _ compared to control group
support - the explanation has lead to treatment with the use of CBT. Heller et al worked with a group of young men from disadvantaged groups in Chicago. they used CBT to reduce judgement and cog distortions and found those who attended 13 one-hour sessions had a 44% reduction in arrests compared to control group
support for moral reasoning - who? compared moral reasoning between _ female non-offenders, _ male non-offenders, and 126 _ offenders using the Socio-Moral Reflection Measure-Short Form. The _ offenders showed _ mature moral reasoning than the non-offenders which is consistent with Kohlberg’s predictions
Palmer and Hollin compared moral reasoning between 210 female non-offenders, 122 male non-offenders, and 126 convicted offenders using the Socio-Moral Reflection Measure-Short Form. The convicted offenders showed less mature moral reasoning than the non-offenders which is consistent with Kohlberg’s predictions
support for moral reasoning - who? used their Offending Motivation Questionnaire to assess _ male _ offenders. They found that _% did not consider the _ of what they were doing and _% were confident they would not be caught.
Gudjonsson and Sigurdsson used their Offending Motivation Questionnaire to assess 128 male juvenile offenders. They found that 38% did not consider the consequences of what they were doing and 36% were confident they would not be caught.
limitation for moral reasoning - doesn’t account for _ reasoning for committing different types of crime. who? found individuals who commit crimes for _ _, such as robbery, were _ likely to show pre-conventional than _ crimes such as assault where _ reasoning was evident. so level of moral reasoning depends on…
limitation for moral reasoning - doesn’t account for individual reasoning for committing different types of crime. Thornton and Reid found individuals who commit crimes for financial gain, such as robbery, were more likely to show pre-conventional than impulse crimes such as assault where no reasoning was evident. so level of moral reasoning depends on type of crime and more practical factors
Kohlberg’s model was _ biased, so who? developed a new model of _ levels of moral reasoning (name the 2 levels)
Kohlberg’s model was culturally biased so Gibbs developed a new model of 2 levels, mature and immature
the first level of Gibbs’ model suggested moral decisions are guided by _ of punishment and _ gain.
the first level of Gibbs’ model suggested moral decisions are guided by avoidance of punishment and personal gain.
the second level of Gibbs’ model suggested decisions are guided by empathy, social _ and one’s own _
the second level of Gibbs’ model suggested decisions are guided by empathy, social justice and one’s own conscience
