Cognitive Control

Question 1

Cognitive Control

Answer 1

Allows info processing and and behaviour to adapt to current goal

Question 2

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Frontal Pole

Answer 2

Directs goal oriented behaviour

Question 3

Medial Frontal Cortex

Answer 3

Moniters behaviour

Question 4

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 4

Connected with all other lobes of the brain
Recieves inputs and send outputs
More developed in humans than other mammals, last part of the brain to mature

Question 5

Spectrum of Behaviour

Answer 5

Habitual to goal oriented behaviour
Habitual behaviour is learned associations which have become automatic
Goal oriented is the assessment of action and outcome and reward

Question 6

PFC Damage

Answer 6

Impulsive
Distracted easily
Problems with following rules/planning/timing
Perseveration

Question 7

Shallice & Burgess 1991 Errands

Answer 7

Patients with frontal lesions sent to do basic errands

1. Failed to buy soap because favourite bran was unavailable
2. Found newspaper but did not pay
3. Couldn’t find item even though it was visible

Question 8

Utilization Behaviour (Lhermitte, 1984, 1991)

Answer 8

Lhermitte (1984, 1991) frontal lesions
‘Appropriate’ behaviour at an ‘inappropriate’ times
Context loses influence influence on behaviour

Question 9

Delayed Response Task

Answer 9

Milner (1995)
Lesions to the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) prevent success on WM task
But no impairment on associative memory task
LPFC involved in WM but not long-term associative memory task

Question 10

Working Memory Activation

Answer 10

Activation of WM depends on the stimuli

Question 11

Goal Oriented Decision Making

Answer 11

Goal oriented behaviour based on assessment of rewards

If repeated these turn into habitual decisions - not under control of reward

Question 12

Hare et al. (2009) Goal Oriented Behaviour

Answer 12

Dieters rate food by health and tastiness then choose a food from a pair of items
Ventromedial PFC correlated with taste preferences
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with making a healthy choice (self control)

Question 13

Hierarchical Organisation of the PFC

Answer 13

Anterior (abstract)
Posterior (concrete)
More rostral (anterior) lesions of LPFC means simpler goals can be met but abstract and complex goals are not met
More caudal (near posterior end) means simplest goal planning fails

Question 14

Cognitive Inhibition

Answer 14

Inhibiting process of task-irrelevant info

Question 15

Knight & Grabowecky (1995)

Answer 15

Auditory ERPs to irrelevant auditory stimuli measured in patients with different lesions
Frontal lesion patients has enhanced response
Indicates: failure to inhibit auditory response in temporal cortex

Question 16

Divided Attention

Answer 16

Paying attention to more than one object at a time
Flanker task: discriminating central letter
Stroop task: responding to colour