Cognitive Approach - Thinking & Decision Making COPY Flashcards
what is system 1 thinking?
quick, easy, no effort, intuitive thinking
what is system 2 thinking?
slow, laborious, effortful, considered thinking
what situations is system 1 used in?
instinctive responses, survival mechanisms, invaluable when you have to act quickly
what situations is system 2 used in?
enable you to make considered decisions, to use your judgement carefully, not to act rashly
what is the dual process model?
there are two ways of thinking; system 1 and system 2
who proposed the dual process model?
Kahneman
Study dual process model supports?
Alter et al (2007)
Alter et al (2007) aim
to investigate the effect of cognitive disfluency on the use of rational thinking (system 2) over intuitive thinking (system 1)
Alter et al (2007) sample
40 undergraduate volunteers from Princeton
Alter et al (2007) procedure
- participants complete the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) questionnaire individually and were randomly assigned to experimental conditions
- the researchers then checked how many questions participants answered correctly
Alter et al (2007) conditions
1) fluent condition (easy to read)
2) disfluent condition (difficult to read)
Alter et al (2007) results
participants answered more questions correctly in the disfluent font
Alter et al (2007) conclusion
the disfluent font caused participants to use ration thinking (system 2) in solving the problem
Alter et al (2007) strengths
1) standardised procedure
2) acts as evidence that disfluency initiates systematic processing
Alter et al (2007) limitations
1) limited generalisability
2) disfluency caused participants to read slower which caused system 2 thinking
another study that supports dual process model?
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016)
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) aim
to investigate whether system 1 or system 2 could accurately empathisize more
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) sample
72 international and US born participants (males: 47, female: 32, mean age of 47)
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) procedure
1) randomly paired and assigned the role of interviewer or interviewee. interviewers were instructed to ask their interviewee a scripted set of three questions. they had 3 minutes.
2) participants completed two seperate positive and negative emotion schedules (1-5) on their emotions and how they thought their partners felt on 20 different mood items (interested, proud, nervous etc.)
3) participants completed a three item cognitive reflection test (CRT). all three items are maths related with intuitively appealing but incorrect answers. choosing the intuitive but incorrect answer shows a greater reliance on intuition than systematic thinking
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) results
CRT scores predicted empathic accuracy (participants who scored highly on the CRT, systematic thinkers, exhibited greater empathatic accuracy during the mock interview)
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) conclusion
systematic thinking may be positively associated with empathy accuracy
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) strengths
1) laboratory experiment, standardised procedure
2) younger people may score better on the CRT
Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) limitations
1) participant variables may have confounded the variables
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