Cognitive Approach - Thinking & Decision Making

Question 1

what is system 1 thinking?

Answer 1

quick, easy, no effort, intuitive thinking

Question 2

what is system 2 thinking?

Answer 2

slow, laborious, effortful, considered thinking

Question 3

what situations is system 1 used in?

Answer 3

instinctive responses, survival mechanisms, invaluable when you have to act quickly

Question 4

what situations is system 2 used in?

Answer 4

enable you to make considered decisions, to use your judgement carefully, not to act rashly

Question 5

what is the dual process model?

Answer 5

there are two ways of thinking; system 1 and system 2

Question 6

who proposed the dual process model?

Answer 6

Kahneman

Question 7

Study dual process model supports?

Answer 7

Alter et al (2007)

Question 8

Alter et al (2007) aim

Answer 8

to investigate the effect of cognitive disfluency on the use of rational thinking (system 2) over intuitive thinking (system 1)

Question 9

Alter et al (2007) sample

Answer 9

40 undergraduate volunteers from Princeton

Question 10

Alter et al (2007) procedure

Answer 10

• participants complete the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) questionnaire individually and were randomly assigned to experimental conditions
• the researchers then checked how many questions participants answered correctly

Question 11

Alter et al (2007) conditions

Answer 11

1) fluent condition (easy to read)

2) disfluent condition (difficult to read)

Question 12

Alter et al (2007) results

Answer 12

participants answered more questions correctly in the disfluent font

Question 13

Alter et al (2007) conclusion

Answer 13

the disfluent font caused participants to use ration thinking (system 2) in solving the problem

Question 14

Alter et al (2007) strengths

Answer 14

1) standardised procedure

2) acts as evidence that disfluency initiates systematic processing

Question 15

Alter et al (2007) limitations

Answer 15

1) limited generalisability

2) disfluency caused participants to read slower which caused system 2 thinking

Question 16

another study that supports dual process model?

Answer 16

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016)

Question 17

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) aim

Answer 17

to investigate whether system 1 or system 2 could accurately empathisize more

Question 18

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) sample

Answer 18

72 international and US born participants (males: 47, female: 32, mean age of 47)

Question 19

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) procedure

Answer 19

1) randomly paired and assigned the role of interviewer or interviewee. interviewers were instructed to ask their interviewee a scripted set of three questions. they had 3 minutes.
2) participants completed two seperate positive and negative emotion schedules (1-5) on their emotions and how they thought their partners felt on 20 different mood items (interested, proud, nervous etc.)
3) participants completed a three item cognitive reflection test (CRT). all three items are maths related with intuitively appealing but incorrect answers. choosing the intuitive but incorrect answer shows a greater reliance on intuition than systematic thinking

Question 20

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) results

Answer 20

CRT scores predicted empathic accuracy (participants who scored highly on the CRT, systematic thinkers, exhibited greater empathatic accuracy during the mock interview)

Question 21

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) conclusion

Answer 21

systematic thinking may be positively associated with empathy accuracy

Question 22

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) strengths

Answer 22

1) laboratory experiment, standardised procedure

2) younger people may score better on the CRT

Question 23

Lerner & Ma-Kellams (2016) limitations

Answer 23

1) participant variables may have confounded the variables

2)