Cognitive Approach

Question 1

what is the cognitive approach?

Answer 1

our brain processes information

Question 2

what are the 3 memory stored?

Answer 2

1. sensory
2. short term
3. long term

Question 3

what are the 3 memory stores in the sensory memory?

Answer 3

1. echoic
2. iconic
3. haptic

Question 4

what is echoic memory?

Answer 4

auditory input from the ears

Question 5

what is iconic memory?

Answer 5

visual info from the eyes

Question 6

whay is haptic memory?

Answer 6

tactile input from the body

Question 7

what is the duration of the sensory memory?

Answer 7

2-4 seconds

Question 8

what is the capacity of the sensory memory?

Answer 8

very high

Question 9

what is the coding in the sensory memory?

Answer 9

very little processing

Question 10

what is the duration of the short term memory?

Answer 10

up to 20 seconds

Question 11

what is the capacity of the short term memory?

Answer 11

5-9 items

Question 12

what is the coding of the short term memory?

Answer 12

acoustic

Question 13

what is the duration of the long term memory?

Answer 13

up to a lifetime

Question 14

what is the capacity of the long term memory?

Answer 14

potentially unlimited

Question 15

wht is the coding of the long term memory?

Answer 15

semantic

Question 16

what is free recall?

Answer 16

recall a piece of information from a memory store without any assistance

Question 17

what is cued recall?

Answer 17

recall something if we get assistance from a cue/hint

Question 18

what is a meaningful cue?

Answer 18

cues that are meaningfully linked to the material. eg mnemonics

Question 19

what is a non-meaningful cue?

Answer 19

cues that are indirectly linked by being encoded at the time of learning. eg emotions

Question 20

what is recognition?

Answer 20

a form of memory retrieval where you identify something based on previous experiences

Question 21

what is reconstructive memory?

Answer 21

fragments of information are stroed in memory & when we recall something; we reconstruct the fragments into a whole

Question 22

what is a schema?

Answer 22

organised packages of ideas & information developed through experience

Question 23

what is shortening?

Answer 23

information that doesnt fit our schema gets left out of our recall

Question 24

what is rationalisation?

Answer 24

information is distorted to make more sense and fit your schema

Question 25

what is confabulation?

Answer 25

information that has been added to the story to fill in the gaps and be more meaningful

Question 26

what is cognitive priming?

Answer 26

when a stimulus affects your response to a later stimulus

Question 27

what is repetition priming?

Answer 27

when you encounter the prime, you process it more quickly when you see or hear it again

Question 28

what is semantic priming?

Answer 28

when 2 stimuli mean the same thing or have similar features

Question 29

what is associative priming?

Answer 29

when the prime and later stimulus are related but not semantically

Question 30

what is a cognitive script?

Answer 30

contains knowledge of how a situation will play out

Question 31

what is person perception?

Answer 31

when we meet someone new, we do not percieve them as an individual person with their own unique traits

Question 32

what is cognitive bias?

Answer 32

error we make in thinking when processing information

Question 33

what is a Fundimental Attribution Error (FAE)?

Answer 33

when explaining the reasons for ther peoples behaviour, we focus on personal characteristics & overlook the role of the sitution

Question 34

what is a Hostile Attribution Bias (HAB)?

Answer 34

a tendancy to assume a persons behaviour was aggressive when it was actually neutral

Question 35

what is alpha bias?

Answer 35

- exaggerates the differences between males and females - normally devalues women & non-binary people

Question 36

what is beta bias?

Answer 36

- minimizes the difference between 2 groups - lead to discrimination - prevents change as it sees everyone as the same

Question 37

what is confirmation bias?

Answer 37

- pay more attention to information that supports our existing beliefs - ignore information that challenges stereotypes

Question 38

what is gender schema theory?

Answer 38

- gender schema is a pre-eisting set of beliefs related to experiences of gender - guide a person’s understanding of their own gender and gender-typical behaviour

Question 39

what are sex role stereotypes?

Answer 39

fixed views people have of men and women's roles

Question 40

how do sex role stereotypes prime gender behaviour?

Answer 40

- stereotypes make you ready to see the world in a way that fits your pre-existing views - you expect gender-related behaviours

Question 41

what is gender priming in the media?

Answer 41

women and men are seen performing prime gender-typical behaviour

Question 42

what is a piece of research that supports the cognitive approach?

Answer 42

- Seavey et al. (1975) found that when participants were told that a baby wearing yellow was a girl or boy, they were more likely to use stereotypical toys when playing with the child - suggest that adults will interact differently with infants depending on whether they believe they are male or female

Question 43

how does the cognitive approach underplay the importance of social context?

Answer 43

- social factors are crucial in the early years in which gender develops - gender related behaviour of parents and the rewards and punishments they hand out to children are key influences that are more important than schema - suggest that social and cognitive factors should be considered to develop a full understanding of gender